Improved strategies for detecting HIV infection before AIDS-defining complications occur are needed in the era of HAART. The prevention of non-AIDS related cancers, especially lung cancer, the management of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and of viral hepatitis are also important priorities.

BACKGROUNDBefore the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), malignancies accounted for less than 10% of all deaths among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected patients. This figure may have increased, and the observed types of malignant disease may have been modified, as a result of decreased occurrence of opportunistic infections, the chronicity of HIV infection, the possible oncogenic role of HIV itself, and the aging of the HIV‐infected population.METHODSAll French hospital wards involved in the management of HIV infection were asked to prospectively document the deaths of HIV‐infected patients in the year 2000. Underlying causes of death were defined using a standardized questionnaire.RESULTSOf a total of 964 deaths, 269 (28%) were attributable to malignancies. Acquired immunodeficiency virus (AIDS)‐related malignancies were the underlying cause of 149 deaths (15%); among these malignancies were non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (n = 105 [11%]), noncerebral lymphoma (n = 78 [median CD4 count, 86 × 106 per liter; interquartile range [IQR], 35–231 × 106 per liter), and primary cerebral lymphoma (n = 27 [median CD4 count, 20 × 106 per liter; IQR, 4–109 × 106 per liter). Kaposi sarcoma was associated with 40 deaths (4%), and cervical carcinoma was associated with 5 (0.5%). Non‐AIDS‐related malignancies were the underlying cause of 120 deaths (13%); these non‐AIDS‐related malignancies included 103 solid tumors (50 respiratory tumors, 19 hepatocarcinomas, 9 digestive tumors, and 6 anal tumors; median CD4 count, 218 × 106 per liter; IQR, 108–380 × 106 per liter) and 17 hemopathies (12 Hodgkin lymphomas, 4 myeloid leukemias, and 1 myeloma; median CD4 count, 113 × 106 per liter; IQR, 56–286 × 106 per liter). Compared with patients who died of other causes, patients who died of solid tumors were more likely to be male, to smoke, to be older, and to have higher CD4 counts.CONCLUSIONSMalignant disease has been a major cause of death among HIV‐infected patients in industrialized nations since the introduction of HAART. Whereas lethal hemopathies and Kaposi sarcoma are associated with advanced immunosuppression, lethal solid tumors can occur in patients with controlled HIV infection. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.

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Objectives: A high frequency and a strong association of olfactory/gustatory impairment with COVID-19 were reported. Its spontaneous evolution remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the spontaneous evolution of olfactory disorders in COVID-19 patients. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: A total of 229 patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 from March 1 through 31, 2020 in our institution were included. Among them, 140 patients (mean age, 38.5 years, 89 women) reported sudden olfactory/gustatory disorders during COVID-19. All patients were interviewed by phone based on a questionnaire with 16 questions at time of survey. The primary end point was olfactory recovery rate at time of survey. Results: The frequency of patients with olfactory disorders was higher before March 20, 2020 than since (70.3% vs. 53.9%, respectively) (P = .016). At time of survey (26 days of the mean time from anosmia onset), 95.71% reported to start an olfactory recovery. The mean time from olfactory loss onset to recovery onset was 11.6 days. Recovery started between the fourth and the fifteenth day after olfactory loss onset in 78.4% of patients. Complete olfactory recovery happened for 51.43% of patients. There was a significant relationship between the complete olfactory recovery and a short time from olfactory loss onset to recovery onset (P = .0004), absence of nasal obstruction (P = .023) and absence of sore/dry/tingling feeling in the nose (P = .007) in COVID-19 patients. Conclusion: Knowledge of spontaneous evolution of olfactory disorders allows reassuring patients and planning therapeutic strategies for persistent olfactory dysfunction after having definitely recovered from COVID-19.

The objective of the study was to describe the underlying causes of death of HIV-infected patients in the HAART era and to focus on those related to opportunistic infection (OI), in a national multicentre study ('Mortalité 2000'). A total of 964 deaths were recorded and 924 cases were available for analysis. Underlying cause of death were AIDS-related (47%), viral hepatitis (11%), non-AIDS cancers (11%), cardiovascular diseases (7%) and others (11%). Among patients who died of AIDS events, 262 (27%) died of at least one OI. OIs reported at the time of death were Cytomegalovirus infection 67 times, Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia 56, disseminated Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infection 53 and cerebral toxoplasmosis 48. Compared to patients who died of other causes, patients who died of OIs were younger and more likely to be infected through heterosexual contact, in poor socioeconomic conditions, migrants, more recently diagnosed for HIV infection, and naive of antiretroviral therapy and OI prophylaxis. OIs are still a major cause of death in HIV-infected patient in the HAART era, especially among patients recently diagnosed for HIV infection and who do not have access to care, as well as in long term infected patients where prophylaxis should be revisited.