Abstract-Antioxidant vitamins C and E have protective properties in genetic hypertension associated with enhanced oxidative stress. This study investigated whether vitamins C and/or E modulate vascular function by regulating enzymatic activities of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and NAD(P)H oxidase using thoracic aortas of 20-to 22-week-old male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and their matched normotensive counterparts, Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). SHR aortas had impaired relaxant responses to acetylcholine but not to sodium nitroprusside, despite an Ϸ2-fold increase in eNOS activity and NO release. The levels of superoxide anion (O 2 Ϫ ), a potent NO scavenger, and NAD(P)H oxidase activity were also 2-fold higher in SHR aortas. Mechanical but not pharmacological inactivation of endothelium (by rubbing and 100 mol/L L-NAME, respectively) significantly abrogated O 2 Ϫ in both strains. Treatments of SHR aortas with NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitors, namely diphenyleneiodinium and apocynin, significantly diminished O 2 Ϫ production. The incubation of SHR aortas with different concentrations of vitamin C (10 to 100 mol/L) and specifically with high concentrations of vitamin E (100 mol/L) improved endothelial function, reduced superoxide production as well as NAD(P)H oxidase activity, and increased eNOS activity and NO generation in SHR aortas to the levels observed in vitamin C-and E-treated WKY aortas. Our results reveal endothelial NAD(P)H oxidase as the major source of vascular O 2 Ϫ in SHR and also show that vitamins C and E are critical in normalizing genetic endothelial dysfunction through regulation of eNOS and NAD(P)H oxidase activities.

These data demonstrate that dysregulation of several enzymes, resulting in oxidative stress, contributes to the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction in SHR and indicate that the antioxidant enzyme catalase is of particular importance in the reversal of this defect.

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Diabetic endothelial dysfunction is accompanied by increased oxidative stress and upregulated proinflammatory and inflammatory mediators in the vasculature. Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-α) results in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This study was designed to investigate the effect of fenofibrate, a PPAR-α activator, on the endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Diabetic rats received fenofibrate (150 mg kg−1 day−1) for 4 weeks. Fenofibrate treatment restored the impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation and increased basal nitric oxide availability in diabetic aorta, enhanced erythrocyte/liver superoxide dismutase and catalase levels, ameliorated the abnormal serum/aortic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and prevented the increased aortic myeloperoxidase without a significant change in serum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels. It did not affect the decreased total homocysteine level and the increased tumor necrosis factor-α level in the serum of diabetic rats. Fenofibrate-induced prevention of the endothelial function seems to be related to its potential antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity.

Objective: Vitamins C and E have protective features in many disease states associated with enhanced oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate whether vitamins C and/or E modulate hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress by regulating enzymatic activities of prooxidant i.e. NAD(P)H oxidase and/or antioxidant enzymes, namely endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), using coronary microvascular endothelial cells (CMEC).Methods: CMEC were cultured under normal (5.5 mM) or high glucose (22 mM) concentrations for 7 days. The enzyme activities were determined by specific assays. The levels of O 2 -and nitrite were measured by cytochrome C reduction and Griess assays, respectively.Results: Hyperglycaemia did not alter eNOS activity or overall nitrite generation, an index of NO production. However, it increased NAD(P)H oxidase and antioxidant enzyme activities (p<0.05). Specific inhibitors of NAD(P)H oxidase i.e. phenylarsine oxide (PAO, 0.1-3 M) and 4-(2-Aminoethyl)benzenesulfonyl fluoride (AEBSF, 5-100 M) and vitamins C and E (0.1-1 M) significantly reduced prooxidant and antioxidant enzyme activities in CMEC exposed to hyperglycaemia (p<0.01). The differences in enzyme activities were independent of increases in osmolarity generated by high glucose levels as investigated by using equimolar concentrations of mannitol in parallel experiments.Conclusions: Vitamins C and E may protect CMEC against hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress by concomitantly regulating prooxidant and antioxidant enzyme activities.3

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Apparently, a selective endothelial dysfunction accompanies the imbalance in oxidant/antioxidant status in the type-2 diabetes model of rat and gliclazide and/or vitamin supplementation improves the impairment in diabetic vasculature. However, vitamin supplementation triggers oxidative stress in normal aortic tissue, thereby, leads to endothelial dysfunction; indicating that nutritional extra-supplementation of antioxidant vitamins isn't advisable for normal subjects, although it's beneficial in disease status.