One hundred and ninety-two patients with peripheral lymphadenopathy were screened and 80 patients with tubercular lymphadenitis were studied. Their ages ranged from 1 to 65 years; most were younger than 30 years and there was a slight female preponderance (1.2:1). Seventy per cent of patients were of low socioeconomic status. Of the 80 patients, 56 had affected cervical nodes, seven had inguinal nodes, five had axillary nodes and 12 had multiple sites of lymph node involvement. All had enlarged nodes which were matted in 44 cases and discrete in 18 cases, while the rest had either an abscess or a discharging sinus. Fifty-nine cases (74 per cent) showed a positive Mantoux test and four cases (5 per cent) had associated pulmonary tuberculosis. Fine needle aspiration cytology gave a positive diagnosis in 66 cases (83 per cent). Fifty-two cases showed a positive culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis of human type in Lowenstein-Jensen medium. Short-term chemotherapy (9 months) consisting of rifampicin, isoniazid and ethambutol gave an excellent result. Surgery was not required in any of the cases.
METHODS: All the USG proven cases of PCOS were subjected to investigations like FSH, LH, FBS, PPBS, Serum Insulin, TSH, Free T3, Free T4. After an overnight fasting, basal venous blood sample was taken. TFT including TSH, Free T3 and Free T4 was estimated using chemiluminescence method. According to this, TSH normal range was taken as 0.34-4.25 µIU/ml, Free T3 normal range was 2.4-4.2 pg/ml, Free T4 normal range was 0.8-1.7 ng/dl 137. TSH above 4.25 µIU/ml, Free T3 below 2.4 pg/ml and Free T4below 0.8 ng/dl was considered as overt hypothyroidism and high TSH with normal Free T3 and Free T4 are considered as subclinical hypothyroidism. RESULTS: The mean age of presentation was 27.28± 10.56 years. 78.57% of cases had menstrual complaints. 20.40 % 0f cases had Secondary Amenorrhoea, 56.12 % had Oligomenorrhoea, 2.04 % had Polymenorrhoea and 21.42% had normal menstrual cycles. 76.53 % of cases had Hyperandrogenism. 66.32 % had hirsuitism, out of which 69.23 % had mild hirsuitism, 29.23 % had moderate hirsuitism and 1.53 % had severe hirsuitism. 31.63% of cases had Acne.70 % of married cases had Infertility. Out of that 79.59 % had primary infertility and 20.40 % had secondary infertility. 38.77 % had infertility of duration 1-2 years, 51.02 % had infertility of 3-5 years and 10.20 % had infertility of >5 years. 64.28 % of cases had increased BMI (≥25 kg/m 2). The prevalence of hypothyroidism in PCOS was 13.26 %. Out of that 57.69 % had subclinical hypothyroidism and 42.30 % had overt hypothyroidism. 96.15 % of PCOS with hypothyroidism had menstrual irregularities like oligomenorrhoea and secondary Amenorrhoea. This association was found to be statistically significant. 96.15 % of PCOS with hypothyroidism had features of hyperandrogenism like acne and hirsuitism. This association was found to be statistically significant.84.61 % of PCOS with hypothyroidism had increased BMI (≥25 kg/m 2 .) This association was found to be statistically significant. PCOS and Hypothyroidism are closely related. CONCLUSION: There is increased prevalence of hypothyroidism in PCOS. The relationship between thyroid profile and PCOS is being tried to be explored more and thus the problems of PCOS can be solved to some more extent.
Background: This study was designed to find out the maternal and perinatal outcome in cases of extraperitoneal caesarean section. Total 100 women undergoing extraperitoneal cesarean section were included in the study. Methods: A detailed history taking, examination done and intra and post-operative parameters as per protocols were noted. Results: Success rate of extra peritoneal CS was 79.63%, Time taken from incision to delivery was ≤5 minutes in 60% cases, time taken from incision to closure was between 31-45 min in 67% cases, blood loss ≤500 ml in 58% cases, return of bowel function between 5-8 hours in 52%, mobilization within 24 hours in 52%, neonatal one minute APGAR score ≥7 in 90.91%. Conclusions: Extraperitoneal cesarean section can be applied as a surgical form of infection prophylaxis. Since it possesses a rational basis for the avoidance of serious post-operative pelvic infectious complications, this operation deserves reconsideration in the modern era.
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