Aim:The study analyzed plaque microflora to compare the growth of periodontopathogens-Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Prevotella nigrescens and Campylobacter rectus in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: Samples of plaque microflora from gingival crevices from incisors, and molars were collected by sterile periodontal probe at four different time periods-first was taken before placement of fixed appliances (T0) considered to be control group, then at 1 week (T1), 1 month (T2), and 5 months of starting fixed treatment (T3). The samples were transported to the laboratory and processed within 24 hr using the polymerase chain reaction technique. Results: The statistical significance of intragroup comparisons was done using test RMNOVA. The colony-forming units at different follow-up intervals showed a significant increase in all tested periodontopathogens except A. actinomycetemcomitans which showed no significant increase. Conclusion: Fixed orthodontic treatment can interfere in normal oral hygiene which can initiate plaque accumulation further leading to inflammation due to increase in periodontopathogens. Therefore, oral hygiene should be constantly monitored for plaque control.

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Introduction -Transverse discrepancies of the maxilla are one of the most prevalent skeletal problems. Due to drawbacks of conventional RPE and invasive surgical expansion methods alternative methods were developed such as Mini Implant-supported rapid maxillary expansion (MARPE).Haas17 , Davis and Kronman18, Akkaya et al19 and many other studies have reported the maxillary response after MARPE on the sagittal dimensions, but their results were inconclusive. Aim - This study analyzed the effects on the maxilla in the sagittal dimension after Mini Implant assisted rapid palatal expansion (MARPE) in adolescents using CBCT. Material and method -A pretreatment CBCT image (T1) was taken as a standard initial record for all patients and post treatment CBCT (T2) was taken after three months in retention. The parameters SNA angle, Frankfort horizontal plane to NA angle, A-N perpendicular, ANS –PNS were measured and calculated for evaluation of the sagittal maxillary changes. Comparisons were then made between the two treatment groups (T1, T2). Result -There was a positive increase in both angular and linear measurements from pretreatment to post treatment measurements showing significant skeletal changes in sagittal dimension. Conclusion -The study concludes that there was statistically significant forward displacement of maxilla after transverse skeletal expansion in patients with transverse problems achieved through MARPE in adolescent patients.