Aim: The aim was to study and compare lower incisor dentoalveolar compensation and mandibular symphysis morphology of patients with Class II and Class III malocclusion. Materials and Methods: Lower incisor inclination (incisor mandibular plane angle [IMPA]), as well as buccal (LA) and lingual (LP) cortex depth, and mandibular symphysis height (LH) were measured in 60 lateral cephalometric X-rays of adult patients without prior orthodontic treatment. The subjects were divided into three groups based on antero-posterior skeletal malocclusions-Class I (control group), Class II and Class III groups. Results: IMPA and symphysis dimensions showed significant differences between the sagittal malocclusion groups. In Class III subjects, the lower incisor apex was closer to the buccal cortex, therefore, value of LA was decreased and LH was increased. In Class II subjects, the lower incisor apex was near to the lingual cortex, there value of LP was reduced and LH increased. Conclusion: Narrow alveolus was observed in Class II and III subjects compared to the Class I subjects. Natural compensation elongates the symphysis and influences the lower incisor position. Thus limiting the pre-surgical decompensation and increasing the risk of damage to periodontal tissues.

The loss of maxillary central incisors at an early age has psychological, esthetic, and functional implications. Multiple treatment options are available for replacing missing central incisors. The management demands a multidisciplinary approach involving the orthodontist, prosthodontist, and periodontist. Treatment planning requires consideration of a variety of clinical and nonclinical factors. This clinical report attempts to demonstrate different strategies for the management of unilaterally and bilaterally missing central incisors.

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Introduction: Sterilization in orthodontics has been discussed and stressed over times in the dental literature. Sterility of orthodontic materials should be of prime interest to the orthodontist as a health care professional and he should take appropriate measures to prevent the risk of cross infection.Aim: To evaluate the sterility of orthodontic materials as received from the manufacturer and that exposed to clinic environment for 6 months. Materials and methods:The sterility of orthodontic materials "as received" from the manufacturer and "clinically exposed" (unused materials stored in the clinic environment for a period of 6 months) was microbiologically evaluated (universal & conventional PCR).The materials which were included in this study were the sealed and unsealed orthodontic archwires, molar bands, elastomeric module, stainless steel bracket, coil spring and tungsten carbide burs of various brands (American Orthodontics, 3M Unitek, Ormco, Orthosystems, G&H, Modern Orthodontics, SS white etc).Results: After universal and conventional PCR, the detection of micro-organisms in all materials was significantly higher in the clinically exposed samples compared to as received samples from manufacturers (P <0.001). The detection of micro-organisms in all orthodontic wires is significantly higher in the unsealed samples compared to sealed samples (P <0.001). In universal PCR, the detection of microorganisms in all materials (Coil spring, E-chain, Elastomeric, Molar brands, Tungsten carbide) except for SS brackets is significantly higher in both as received and clinically exposed samples. Conclusion:After universal and conventional PCR, we conclude that bacteria were present on almost all orthodontic materials "as received from the manufacturers" and that exposed to a clinical environment. Therefore all materials should be sterilized before use in patients. 13 South Eur J Orthod Dentofac Res Musaddique SS. et al. Evaluating the sterility of orthodontic materials

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Orthodontic treatment commonly requires posted archwires for en-masse retraction, for attaching headgear and elastics. Prefabricated brass-posted archwires are popular, the main disadvantages being extended inventory and cost. Considering all these challenges, this new V-Jig has been introduced. The innovation of this jig allows freehand operation, with more precision of placement of posts on the archwire and reduces chances of loss of original wire properties. Soldering technique with jig is convenient and easy. It is a chairside apparatus to make posted archwire and other appliances with ease.

Introduction: Enamel demineralization is still a problem associated with orthodontic treatment, leading to the formation of white spot lesions; this is a grave concern to orthodontists and patients. Various methods are now employed to reduce the incidences of demineralization.Aim: To evaluate and compare the effects of Fluoride toothpaste, Probiotic curd, and Recaldent on Streptococcus mutans colonies in plaque around orthodontic brackets in different groups of patients. Further, the three agents were compared and assessed for regular use by orthodontic patients for reduction of decalcification. Materials and methods:This study consisted of 60 randomly selected patients having orthodontic treatment in the Department of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopaedics. The study protocol was approved by the institutional Ethics committee of MCE Society, Azam Campus, Pune. Group A: The patients were given fluoride containing toothpaste (ParodontaxTM Daily Fluoride toothpaste GlaxoSmithKline). Group B: The patients were asked to brush twice daily with recaldent containing tooth mousse (Dentsply Tooth Mousse-GC). Group C: Patients were given probiotic curd(Nestle Acti Plus). Samples were collected twice, once initially, seven days after bonding at the start of the study and secondly, after 30 days. After DNA extraction PCR analysis was done to evaluate the colonies of S. mutans as colony forming units per milliliter (CFU/ml) in the plaque specimens. RealPlex software programme was used to plot the results of the colonies detected in the sample.Results: Streptococcus mutans colonies around the brackets after 30 days post use of Fluoride toothpaste, probiotic curd and Recaldent was reduced by 44.5 %, 0.86 % and 41.8% respectively. Conclusion:The regular use of fluoride toothpaste and Recaldent will help in reducing decalcification during orthodontic treatment. Further research is needed to establish the advantages of probiotic curd in reducing white spot lesions.

The rapid outbreak of coronavirus syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has engulfed the entire international community and triggered serious public health issues. Orthodontists may encounter patients with suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and may need to work vigilantly to avoid the spread of infection, consecutively provide care and emergency treatment. The objective of this review is to provide a brief overview of the effects of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 on orthodontic treatment, and to address risk management and the facilitation of orthodontic emergency care and post-pandemic orthodontic practice, using data and literature currently available.