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Pepper belongs to the Solanaceae family, which includes many important vegetable crops such as tomato, potato, and eggplant. Not only widely used as vegetables and spicy ingredients, pepper also has diverse applications in pharmaceutics, natural coloring agents, cosmetics, defense repellents, and as ornamental plants (Kim et al., 2014;Qin et al., 2014). Pepper is among the most widely cultivated and consumed vegetables in the world, with annual production reaching to 38 million tons in 2011 (www.fao. org). Pepper fruits have significant diversity in morphology and color, and they provide good models for fruit developmental biology (Paran and van der Knaap, 2007;Rivera et al., 2016). Like all other crops, pepper plants are often confronted with different pathogens and pests (Pernezny et al., 2003), and diverse abiotic stress conditions, which necessitate basic studies on the mechanisms of pepper plants responding to various stimuli to facilitate breeding efforts for tolerant cultivars.

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light in this range is known as the first biological window, and the NIR radiation can effectively penetrate biological tissues, which means that a non-destructive and non-invasive diagnosis of the human physiological state can be performed by a perceptible penetration depth in biological tissues. [6] For plant cultivation, red/ photosensitive pigments (PR) and far-red/ photo sensitive pigments (PFR), two pigments indispensable for plant growth, have a specific absorption in the NIR region, and PFR has a strong absorption peak at 730 nm. [7] Various NIR-emitting materials have been developed for halogen lamps, lightemitting diodes (LEDs), organic LEDs (OLED), and phosphor-converted LEDs (pc-LEDs). Among them, halogen lamps have continuous ultra-broadband spectral properties from visible to NIR, but their low luminous efficiency, high operating temperature, and long response time limit their applications. [8] NIR LEDs overcome most of the drawbacks of halogen lamps, but the narrow fullwidth at half maximum (FWHM) and the LED arrangement luminous unevenness also severely limit their utilization at scale. [9] OLEDs are disappointing in terms of efficiency or temperature resistance, even though they have good applicability. [10] The most suitable solution may be the development of NIR pc-LEDs combining InGaN blue LED chips with broadband NIR phosphors. It satisfies both the ultra-broadband spectral emission and the requirements of compactness, efficiency, portability, and low cost. [11] For this purpose, broadband NIR phosphors that are well matched to the blue LED chips need to be developed.Many NIR broadband phosphors based on inorganic matrixdoped activators have been reported so far, [12] however, most of them have disadvantages such as unsuitable NIR emission wavelength, unstable emission intensity at high temperature, and low luminescence efficiency, which greatly limit their applications in various fields. Cr 3+ ions exhibit broadband absorption in the ultraviolet-visible spectral range, which stems from its unique 3d 3 electronic structure. [13] In addition, Cr 3+ ions can display tunable narrowband or broadband spectrum from 600-1600 nm, depending on whether they are in a strong or weak Broadband near-infrared (NIR) phosphor-converted light-emitting diodes (pc-LED) are ideal light sources to meet the next generation of NIR spectroscopy. However, NIR phosphors have numerous problems such as low quantum yields (QY) and low thermal stability. In this work, a series of Gd 3 Y x In x Ga 5-2x O 12 :Cr 3+ NIR broadband phosphors with high internal quantum yields (IQYs) and high thermal stability are discovered by uniquely replacing GaO 6 in Gd 3 Ga 5 O 12 with Y 3+ and In 3+ in a co-doped manner through cation modulation. Under 449 nm excitation, Gd 3 Y 0.5 In 0.5 Ga 4 O 12 (GYIG):yCr 3+ depicts emission from 650 to 1050 nm with a full-width at half maximum (FWHM) of 134 nm. The emission intensity reaches its optimum value at y = 6%, while the IQY reaches an impressive 81.8% and, at 375 K, the emission intensity r...

Osteochondral tissue engineering is challenged by the difficulty in the regeneration of hyaline cartilage and the simultaneous regeneration of subchondral bone.