Poly(l-glutamic acid)/chitosan polyelectrolyte complex porous microspheres as cell microcarriers for cartilage regeneration

Bacterial-derived biopolymers: Advanced natural nanomaterials for drug delivery and tissue engineering

“…Unreacted cross-linking agents may produce potential toxicity and other undesirable effects. Therefore, incorporation of PGA into chitosan matrices could be used for overcoming these drawbacks [90,100]. Carboxyl groups of PGA can electrostatically interact with amine groups (-NH 2 ) of chitosan to form polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) hydrogels without leaving any residual toxic agent.…”

“…Moreover, formation of PEC between PGA and chitosan provide an appropriate porous scaffold for cell-seeding by mimicking native ECM, which is largely composed of peptides and polysaccharides. PGA/chitosan polyelectrolyte complex has shown great potential in the field of tissue engineering as well [90].…”

Preparation of Chitosan/Poly‐γ‐Glutamic Acid Polyelectrolyte Multilayers on Biomedical Metals for Local Antibiotic Delivery

“…The highest cell proliferation was founded in 30 layers PGA coating groups with the cell viability enhanced with 40%-58% with statistical difference. PGA, which carries a negatively charged carboxyl group, has been suggested to improve the hydrophilicity, biocompatibility and degradation rate of chitosan in the form as a composite; therefore, the presence of PGA can promote cell attachment and proliferation [30][31][32][33]. A more direct method to observe the cell adhesion and affinity on a material is to observe cell attachment and morphology using fluorescence microscopy.…”

Preparation of microcarriers based on zein and their application in cell culture

“…Certain microcarriers using poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) [16], poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA) [17] and hydroxyapatite [18] as raw materials are under investigation. At present, work is focused on collagen [19], gelatin [20], cellulose [21], sodium alginate [22], and chitosan [23] among natural materials. The most used microcarriers are still those in the Cytodex series, whether in the laboratory or in industrial production.…”