It has been generally recognized that in a living body various biochemical changes were induced as a consequence of hard physical exercise. In the previous paper (1), the authors reported on the metabolism of glucuronic acid in the case of fatigue by physical exercise.This report was summarized as follows : the toxic (amine-like) substance in a living body increased due to physical exercise, and resulted in fatigue. The glucuronic acid content of urine, serum, liver and kidney, and the hepatic glycogen content of a living body decreased. The activity of o-aminophenylglucuronide synthesis of rat's liver was inhibit ed after hard physical exercise. However, these phenomena were significantly blocked by the administration of glucuronolactone. The arrest of an isolated frog heart due to the accumulation of toxic substance was checked, both prophylactically and therapeu tically, by the administration of glucuronolactone. have recently proved that glucuronic acid exerted its effect after it was converted into uridine-diphospho-glucuronic acid. It is therefore apparent that exogenous glucuronic acid cannot exert its effect unless it is changed into uridine diphospho-glucuronic acid through the Xylulose pathway, or different pathway not yet known. Though the authors have no description of the mechanism of these pathway at present, it is a fact that glucuronolactone can inhibit the toxic substance which stopped the beating of a frog's heart.As well known, uridine-diphospho-glucuronic acid is converted from various kinds of carbohydrate, namely glucose, galactose, glycogen and sodium pyruvate. The authors therefore proceeded to ascertain the effects of these carbohydrates and glucuronolactone upon the swimming-record, o-aminophenylglucuronide synthesis, glucuronic acid content, ascorbic acid content, blood sugar content, hepatic glycogen content, and Q-D-glucuronide glucuronohydolase activity in albino rats made to swim hard.
1. The changes of beta-glucuronidase activity in Wistar and Gunn strain rats from infants to adults, were determined. Consequently, the enzyme activity in liver was found to increase remarkably during the time of growth and to keep a certain level of activity at maturity. The beta-glucuronidase activity in Gunn strain rats was detected to be low in comparison with that of Wistar strain rats. 2. The beta-glucuronidase activity in liver of rats in over 50 days after birth is quite stable. It is concluded, therefore that the rats of 50-80 days old are most stable to examine the influence of drugs on beta-glucuronidase activity. 3. In the experiments using the above rats, the beta-glucuronidase activity in liver showed an increase by the administration of borneol, chloretone and barbital-Na. However, Gunn strain rats indicated rather low enzyme activity as compared to Wistar strain rats. 4. The beta-glucuronidase activity in kidney and intestine did not show an extensive alteration and was hardly affected by the drugs used.
It has been long recognized that severe diarrhea, sometimes followed by death, de velops in young albino rats and mice because of hyperlactose and hypergalactose diets and that rat cataract also develops. Similar results have been reported by Guha (1). It was described in our previous paper (2, 3) that symptoms resulted from the activity of Leloir's enzyme system being deranged by the excessive lactose and galactose.Each rat was given 4 ml of whey/day , or the amount of filtrate corresponding to 4 ml of whey/day .Fro. 1. Methods of extraction of active factors.
Mitchell, Dodge (1) and Day (2) reported that cataract develops in rats fed on hyper lactose and hypergalactose diets. Consequently, lactose and galactose are regarded as factors in cataract development. On the other hand, Takuma and Takayama (3) observed that cataracts developed from purified lactose can be inhibited by the addition of whey to the diet. Similar results were obtained by Tamura and coworkers (4). However, the nature of the factor in whey playing a key role here has not been determined. In 1957, Ogihara (5), one of our laboratory staff, reported that neutral fatty acids in whey have this inhibiting effect. Later, we made studies of the factor contained in whey and whey powder and further advanced the analytical studies of these fatty acids.
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