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Human paternal population history was studied in 9 populations [three Native American, three Asian, two Caucasian and one African-derived sample(s)] using sequence and short tandem repeat haplotype diversity within the non-pseudoautosegmal region of the Y chromosome. Complete coding and additional flanking sequences (949 base pairs) of the RPS4Y locus were determined in 59 individuals from three of the populations, revealing a nucleotide diversity of 0n0147 %, consistent with previous estimates from Y chromosome resequencing studies. One RPS4Y sequence variant, 711C T, was polymorphic in Asian and Native American populations, but not in African and Caucasian population samples. The RPS4Y 711C T variant, a second unique sequence variant at DYS287 and nine Y chromosome short tandem repeat (YSTR) loci were used to analyze the evolution of Y chromosome lineages. Three unambiguous lineages were defined in Asian, Native American and Jamaican populations using sequence variants at RPS4Y and DYS287. These lineages were independently supported by the haplotypes defined solely by YSTR alleles, demonstrating the haplotypes constructed from YSTRs can evaluate population diversity, admixture and phylogeny. The search for sequence polymorphisms within the non-pseudoautosomal portion of the Y chromosome has been conducted using RFLP analysis, repetitive motif hybridization, resequencing and heteroduplex detection methods (Ngo et al.

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The main theme of this paper is to present robust fuzzy controllers for a class of discrete fuzzy bilinear systems. First, the parallel distributed compensation method is utilized to design a fuzzy controller, which ensures the robust asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system and guarantees an H(infinity) norm-bound constraint on disturbance attenuation for all admissible uncertainties. Second, based on the Schur complement and some variable transformations, the stability conditions of the overall fuzzy control system are formulated by linear matrix inequalities. Finally, the validity and applicability of the proposed schemes are demonstrated by a numerical simulation and the Van de Vusse example.

This paper employs a Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy partial differential equation (PDE) model to solve the problem of sampled-data exponential stabilization in the sense of spatial L ∞ norm ∥ · ∥∞ for a class of nonlinear parabolic distributed parameter systems (DPSs), where only a few actuators and sensors are discretely distributed in space. Initially, a T-S fuzzy PDE model is assumed to be derived by the sector nonlinearity method to accurately describe complex spatiotemporal dynamics of the nonlinear DPSs. Subsequently, a static sampled-data fuzzy local state feedback controller is constructed based on the T-S fuzzy PDE model. By constructing an appropriate Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional candidate and employing vector-valued Wirtinger's inequalities, a variation of vector-valued Poincaré-Wirtinger inequality in 1D spatial domain, as well as a vectorvalued Agmon's inequality, it is shown that the suggested sampled-data fuzzy controller exponentially stabilizes the nonlinear DPSs in the sense of ∥·∥∞, if sufficient conditions presented in term of standard linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) are fulfilled. Moreover, an LMI relaxation technique is utilized to enhance exponential stabilization ability of the suggested sampled-data fuzzy controller. Finally, the satisfactory and better performance of the suggested sampled-data fuzzy controller are demonstrated by numerical simulation results of two examples.

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