This study aims to examine the nexus between tourism, economic growth, and CO 2 emissions in Pakistan. We examined the asymmetric relationship between tourism, economic growth, and CO 2 emissions for the period 1991 to 2019. We applied NARDL technique, and Granger Causality to predict results. Moreover, we also employed ADF, PP unit root test, Zivot and Andrews test for structural breaks. The nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag is the most appropriate econometric estimator in the case if asymmetric association exists among the variables. The NARDL technique is capable to discover the dynamic association between economic growth, tourism, and CO 2 emissions. Our results confirmed the asymmetric nexus between tourism, GDP and CO 2 emissions in the context of Pakistan. The results reported that in the short run as well as long run positive and negative shocks of tourism and GDP affect CO 2 emissions. The outcomes also revealed unidirectional causality between tourism and CO 2 emission, while bi-directional causality between economic growth and CO 2 emissions. Likewise, a bi-directional causality has also been reported between tourism and economic growth. The results are very useful for the macro level policy makers in Pakistan, and hopefully will provide significant insight to the relevant stakeholders.
Psychologists have tried to explain emotions since centuries ago they have tried to identify different types of emotions. Emotions are basically mental experiences that can lead to pleasant or unpleasant moods. Emotions influence our perception and social communication. For Down Syndrome being social can also be determined by emotional recognition. It plays an important role for social interaction which is recognized by emotions and helps them to regulate it for social interaction. Basic emotions which are included in this study are happiness, sadness, and aggressive facial expressions. Objective: To determine the level of emotional regulation through emotional recognition by facial expressions in down syndrome compared to normally developing children. Methods: This was a comparative cross-sectional study. Emotional Recognition Questionnaire Version 7-6/2012 was used. Data on children with down syndrome were collected from special education centres of Lahore and data on normally developing children was collected from the private schools by using standardized tools. The total sample size was 384 calculated by using an online calculator. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21. Results: The results showed that people with down syndrome were good at identifying emotions of happiness, sadness, anger, and worry when compared with normally developing children. Their ability to recognize facial expressions helps down syndrome children for socialization. Conclusions: It was concluded that children with down syndrome can recognize and regulate emotions and emotion of happiness is more easily recognized than the other emotions when it was compared to normally developing children.
A u t h o r `s C o n t r i b u t i o n 1-2 Conception and design, Collection and assembly of data, 2 Analysis and interpretation of the data, 3 Critical revision of the article for important intellectual content, Statistical expertise 1-4 Final approval and guarantor of the article A r t i c l e I n f o .
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