and have similar physical and chemical properties. [3][4][5] In addition, as sodium is the fourth most abundant element on earth, the preparation cost of SIBs is significantly lower than that of LIBs, which are expected to replace the latter in largescale energy storage power stations in response to the rapid consumption of lithium resources. However, due to the larger ionic radius of Na + (1.02 Å) than Li + (0.76 Å), lower electronegativity (0.93) than Li (0.98), and standard reduction potential (Na/Na + −2.71 V vs SHE) than Li (Li/Li + −3.04 V vs SHE), SIB electrodes face the challenges including slow electrochemical storage kinetics in solid-state, severe volume expansion, and low energy density. [6,7] It is well known that the electrode material is the core component that determines the performance of the battery. Thus, developing electrodes with excellent rate performance, extended cycle stability, high coulomb efficiency, and high specific capacity is one of the emphases in the study of SIBs. [8][9][10][11] As one of the most commonly used anodes for SIBs, carbonbased materials have great research significance because of their low cost, chemical stability, large surface area, and availability. [12][13][14] Since carbon is usually obtained by the thermal treatment of precursors (polymers, biomaterials, etc.), the carbonization temperature will affect their microstructure. During the heat treatment process, the types and number of carbon bonds (sp, sp 2 , and sp 3 ) will be changed and rearranged, and various carbon materials with different microstructures can be created [15,16] (Figure 1): amorphous carbon, nongraphitized carbon, and graphitic carbon. When the temperature exceeds 700 °C, the carbon bonds are simultaneously mixed in amorphous carbon with sp 2 , sp 3 , and sp hybridizations. [17] While the temperature further rises above 1200 °C, sp 2 -dominated amorphous carbon forms. This rich sp 2 -bonded carbon material comprises a stack of small graphitic nanocrystallites, forming a "turbostratic" structure. The random distribution of turbine domains and the distortion of carbon nanocrystals may create many micropores. Compared with the periodic and ordered atomic arrangement of crystalline materials, the atoms or nanodomains from amorphous carbon [18] and nongraphitized [19] carbon do not show long-range periodic order. Many properties of these two kinds of materials are pretty similar; thus, in this review, we collectively refer to these two as noncrystalline carbon (NCC).Developing an anode with excellent rate performance, long-cycle stability, high coulombic efficiency, and high specific capacity is one of the key research directions of sodium-ion batteries. Among all the anode materials, noncrystalline carbon (NCC) has great possibilities according to its supreme performance and low cost, but with the complexity and variability of the structure. With the in-depth study of the sodium storage behaviors of NCC in recent years, three modes of interlayer intercalation, clustering into micropores, and adso...

Rational engineering of native β-CD as an ideal chiral selector for a definite analyte in capillary electrophoresis represents a challenge in separation science. Herein, a rational and systematic strategy that combines the de novo design and molecular modeling is firstly described to expedite the manipulation and selection of effective selector for enantioseparation in capillary electrophoresis. Using β-adrenoreceptor agonists as model analytes, we demonstrate how this strategy efficiently improves the enantiorecognition in chiral discrimination sites of inclusion complexes. The evolved β-CD derivative could be utilized as a chiral receptor to achieve the effective enantioseparation (R > 1.5) of racemic β-adrenoreceptor agonists. We highlight a novel strategy for efficiently and rapidly manipulating native CD based on the characteristics of analyte so as to gain an excellent chiral selector.

Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) is a potential target for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this study, the introduction of a spiro ring with a difluoro-substituted cyclopropionamide resulted in the identification of TUL01101 (compound 36) based on a triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine core of filgotinib. It showed excellent potency on JAK1 with an IC50 value of 3 nM and exhibited more than 12-fold selectivity for JAK2 and TYK2. Whole blood assay also demonstrated the high activity and selectivity (37-fold for JAK2). At the same time, TUL01101 also demonstrated excellent metabolic stability and pharmacokinetics (PK) profiles were assayed in three species (mouse, rat, and dog). Moreover, it has been validated for effective activity in the treatment of RA both in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) models, with low dose and low toxicity. Now, TUL01101 has progressed into phase I clinical trials.

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Tazobactam is a β-lactamase inhibitor. In this work, a combination of continuous flow and batch experiments for the synthesis of tazobactam has been developed. The first three steps and the preparation of the peroxyacetic acid are continuously carried out in the microreactors, which improves the procedure safety and efficiency. There is also a final step of the deprotection reaction in the microreactor, which can increase the yield and reduce the formation of impurities. Under optimized process conditions, the total yield of the target product reached 37.09% (30.93% in batch). The continuous flow method not only greatly reduces the reaction time but also significantly improves procedure safety and increases the yield.

Edaravone belongs to a class of brain-protective agents, which can scavenge free radicals. To reduce impurities and improve the yield, a continuous flow production process of edaravone was developed. The synthesis is continuously carried out in two steps. The throughput can reach 11.328 kg/day and the purity of the final product is 99.95%, which are in accordance with the needs of production. This is an efficient and quick production process suitable for industrial production.

Vilazodone combines the effects of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor with the 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist activity. Here, we report the development of a viable and scalable process for manufacturing vilazodone that features a convergent synthetic approach, with low cost and high purity. The key indole synthesis was improved to first make up the hydrazone intermediate and then modify a pendant hydroxy group to realize a much increased overall yield. This process was successfully used to prepare >2 kg of vilazodone hydrochloride with a total yield of 56.2% and purity of 99.93%.

Human sodium dependent glucose co-transporters (SGLTs) are the attractive targets for diabetes, and the development of SGLT1/SGLT2 dual inhibitors has received substantial attention in recent years due to their better...