With the increase in penetration of power electronic converters in the power systems, a demand for overcurrent/overloading capability has risen for the fault clearance duration. This article gives an overview of the limiting factors and the recent technologies for the over-current performance of SiC power modules in power electronics converters. It presents the limitations produced at the power module level by packaging materials which include semiconductor chips, substrates, metallization, bonding techniques, die attach, and encapsulation materials. Specifically, technologies for over-current related temperatures in excess of 200 • C are discussed. The paper also discusses potential technologies which have been proven or may be potential candidates for improving the safe operating area. The discussed technologies are use of phase change materials below the semiconductor chip, Peltier elements, new layouts of the power modules, control and modulation techniques for converters. Special attention has been given to an overview of various potential phase change materials which can be considered for high-temperature operations.
A significant development of the photovoltaic market in the European Union has been observed recently. This is mainly due to the adopted climate policy and the development of photovoltaic technology, resulting in increased availability for consumers at lower prices. In the long run, increased installed PV capacity is associated with an increased amount of photovoltaic waste generated at the end of life. Since this waste belongs to the group of WEEE (waste electrical and electronic equipment) waste, it is subjected to high recovery levels. Existing installations for the highly efficient recycling of PV panels are just proofs of concept. However, the situation will change in the near future, and it will be necessary to implement a full-scale waste management system dedicated to PV waste. The paper estimates mass streams of photovoltaic waste generated by 2050 in individual EU countries. Consequently, the characteristics of the European market of waste PV panels are considered together with the demand of individual Member States for installations. The estimation enables the fulfillment of the Directive on WEEE recovery rates.
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