One of the major impediments to providing broadband connectivity in semi-urban and rural India is the lack of robust and affordable backhaul. Fiber connectivity in terms of backhaul that is being planned (or provided) by the Government of India would reach only till rural offices (named Gram Panchayat) in the Indian rural areas. In this exposition, we articulate how TV white space can address the challenge in providing broadband connectivity to a billion plus population within India. The villages can form local Wi-Fi clusters. The problem of connecting the Wi-Fi clusters to the optical fiber points can be addressed using a TV white space based backhaul (middle-mile) network.The amount of TV white space present in India is very large when compared with the developed world. Therefore, we discuss a backhaul architecture for rural India, which utilizes TV white spaces. We also showcase results from our TV white space testbed, which support the effectiveness of backhaul by using TV white spaces. Our testbed provides a broadband access network to rural population in thirteen villages.The testbed is deployed over an area of 25km 2 , and extends seamless broadband connectivity from optical fiber locations or Internet gateways to remote (difficult to connect) rural regions. We also discuss standards and TV white space regulations, which are pertinent to the backhaul architecture mentioned above.
It is well known that a polynomial φ(X) ∈ Z[X] of given degree d factors into at most d factors in F p for any prime p. We prove in this paper the existence of infinitely many primes q so that the given polynomial φ(X) splits into exactly d linear factors in F q by using only elementary results in field theory and some elementary number theory by proving that φ splits in F q iff P has a root in F q for all sufficiently large primes q, where P ∈ Z[X] is any polynomial such that P has a root β ∈ C for which Q(β) is the splitting field of φ over Q. Furthermore, we prove that any such P splits in F r iff it has a root in F r , for all sufficiently large primes r. Existence of infinitely many such P for any given φ is also proven.
Cardiorenal syndrome represents a wide-spectrum disorder involving the heart and kidneys as the primary affected organs. India has an increasingly high burden of acute CRS, coinciding with the rise in global statistics. Up to 2022, approximately 46.1% of all cardiorenal patients have been diagnosed with acute CRS in India. Acute CRS involves a sudden deterioration of kidney functionalities, referred to as acute kidney injury (AKI) in acute heart failure patients. The pathophysiology of CRS involves hyperactivation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) following acute myocardial stress. The pathological phenotype of acute CRS is associated with perturbed inflammatory, cellular, and neurohormonal markers in circulation. These complications increase the risk of mortality in clinically diagnosed acute CRS patients, making it a worldwide healthcare burden. Hence, effective diagnosis and early prevention are crucial to prevent the progression of CRS in AHF patients. Present biomarkers, such as serum creatinine (sCr), cystatin C (CysC), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum and/or urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), and NT-proBNP, are clinically used to diagnose AKI stages in CRS patients but are limitedly sensitive to the early detection of the pathology. Therefore, the need for protein biomarkers is emerging for early intervention in CRS progression. Here, we summarized the cardio-renal nexus in acute CRS, with an emphasis on the present clinicopathological biomarkers and their limitations. The objective of this review is to highlight the need for novel proteomic biomarkers that will curb the burgeoning concern and direct future research trials.
Introduction: Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of prostate including Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI) is greatly evolving as a diagnostic tool in prostate cancer. Incidence of prostate cancer in India is on rise with most of the cases been diagnosed in late stages. In this scenario, DWI imaging can pick up the cases at an earlier stage causing a significant impact in the patient management. Aim: To assess the role of DW-MRI as a non invasive initial investigation tool in prostate carcinoma prior to biopsy. Materials and Methods: The study was a prospective observational study conducted during April 2014 to March 2015 in the Department of Radiodiagnosis in collaboration with Department of Urology in a hospital in Kolkata. A total of 34 patients with a clinical suspicion of prostate cancer underwent prostate DWI-MRI by a 3T scanner before Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS)-guided biopsies. IBM Statistical Package for Social sciences (SPSS) version 17.0 was used for statistical analysis and the sensitivity, specificity, Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV) were determined. Results: All patients (100%) with biopsy proven adenocarcinoma showed diffusion restriction. A total of 95.8% were PI-RADS 5. False positive results were found in two patients. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV were 100% (95% CI=85.75% to 100.00%), 80% (95% CI=44.39% to 97.48%), 92.31% (95% CI=74.87% to 99.05%) and 100% (95% CI=63.06% to 100.00%) Conclusion: From the present study, it was noted that sensitivity of DWI is very high (100%). DWI also has a high specificity and positive predictive value. Hence, DWI is one of the most effective adjunct non invasive tools for initial investigation in prostate carcinoma which improves the diagnostic performance and helps in performing targeted biopsies from the suspicious prostatic lesion.
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