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Objective: To explore the clinical and pathological characteristics of small-cell carcinoma (SmCC) of the prostate and applicable treatment methods. Methods: We reported three cases of SmCC of the prostate diagnosed from 1999 to 2011 at the Chinese PLA General Hospital. We also reviewed clinical and pathological data of 26 cases in China reported over the same period. Results: Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels were normal in 20 cases (76.9%) and elevated in six (23.1%). There was local invasion in 12 cases (46.2%) at the time of diagnosis; lymphatic vessel invasion and distant metastases were detected in eight (30.8%) and nine cases (34.6%) respectively. At the end of follow-up, 16 cases (61.5%) had died, eight (30.8%) survived, and two (7.7%) were missing. The median survival time was 8 months, and the 1-year survival rate was 23.2%. Statistical analysis showed that survival time was significantly correlated with chemotherapy treatment (p<0.05). However, serum PSA levels, surgical approach, pathological type, local invasion, lymphatic vessel invasion, and distant metastasis had no significant relationship with survival (p>0.05). Conclusions: SmCC of the prostate is a rare neoplasm typified by high malignancy, rapid progress, and poor prognosis. Pathological analysis is an important tool for confirming a diagnosis. Pure SmCC is usually not associated with an increase in serum PSA. Surgery, mixed with acinar adenocarcinoma components, and clinical staging do not correlate with prognosis; and chemotherapy was the only prognostic factor. For patients, diagnosed by preoperative biopsy, administering chemotherapy as the first-line treatment may improve outcomes.

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Background Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are essential for tumorigenesis and progression of diverse cancers. This study aims to investigate the roles of lncRNAs on renal carcinoma. Methods The expression of lncRNA HIF1A-AS2 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and adjacent non-cancer tissues was identified by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Investigations were performed on biological function of lncRNA HIF1A-AS2 on cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis and invasion of ccRCC by overexpression and knockdown experiments. Further, luciferase reporter assay and Western blot were constructed to explore molecular mechanisms underlying the function of lncRNA HIF1A-AS2. Results HIF1A-AS2 was highly expressed in kidney cancer tissues and ccRCC cells. Interference of HIF1A-AS2 in vivo hindered cell proliferation, invasion and migration while accelerated cell apoptosis. Overexpression of HIF1A-AS2 presented an opposite effect that repressed the expression of miR-130a-5p, and miR-130a-5p inhibited the expression of HIF1A-AS2. Additionally, rescue experiments exhibited that oncogenic function of HIF1A-AS2 was partially dependent on the suppression of miR-130a-5p. Conclusion Our results indicated a critical role for the HIF1A-AS2-miR-130a-5p axis in renal carcinoma progression, which may act as a promising diagnostic biomarker and a pivotal therapeutic target for renal carcinoma cures.

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BackgroundChoriocarcinoma is a rare malignant germ-cell tumour, most commonly found in adult women. It infrequently presents as spontaneous renal haemorrhage (SRH). Genital malformation and SRH secondary to choriocarcinoma has previously been only reported in females. We present what we believe to be the first case of a male patient with genital malformation (hypospadias and cryptorchidism) and SRH at presentation of choriocarcinoma.Case presentationA 25-year-old man presented to the department with intense pain in the right flank region and lower back. Initial investigations showed spontaneous renal haemorrhage, for which an emergency partial nephrectomy was performed. Clinical, radiological, and pathological investigations suggested a diagnosis of testicular choriocarcinoma with metastases to the right kidney, both lungs, and brain. Initial treatment was with a chemotherapy regimen of cisplatin, etoposide and bleomycin and whole brain radiotherapy; however, 6 months after diagnosis the patient developed liver metastasis, after which time the BEP protocol was switched to ITP with oral apatinib. Despite best efforts, the liver and lung metastasis continued to grow and a decision was made to discontinue active treatment and provide only palliative care until the patient passed away.ConclusionChoriocarcinoma is a difficult cancer to diagnose pre-operatively. In male patients with early metastasis, prognosis may be much poorer than in the commoner gestational choriocarcinoma. A multidisciplinary with comprehensive post-surgical intervention is of great importance in the treatment of these patients.