Two new complexes, [Eu 2 (NIPH) 2 (H 2 O) 14 ](HNIPH) 2 (H 2 O) 7 (1) [Co 2 (abtc)(phen) 4 (H 2 O)]Á12(H 2 O) (2) (H 2 NIPH = 5-nitroisophthalic acid, H 4abtc = 3,3 0 ,5,5 0 -azobenzenetetracarboxylic acid, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, DMF = N,N 0 -dimethylformamide) have been synthesized and characterized by infrared spectrum, thermal gravimetric analysis, X-ray single crystal diffraction and photoluminescence properties. Complex 1 upon slow evaporation at room temperature gave a 0-D structure, and seven independent water molecules and their equivalent held together by hydrogen bonds with an ordered proton arrangement form a 1-D hydrogen-bonded water tape. An unusual water tape notated T10(0)A0 is observed in 2. A 1-D water tape by connecting five-ten-five membered water rings through hydrogen bonds. Multiple hydrogen bonds and p-p stacking interactions play important roles in the formation of the 3-D networks. Fascinatingly, these lattice water molecules display unprecedented water cluster and play important roles in the stabilizing the whole network.Keywords 5-Nitroisophthalic acid Á 3,3 0 ,5,5 0 -Azobenzenetetracarboxylic acid Á Water cluster Á Fluorescence Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (
This paper presents a study on the tool wear of micro PCD end mill when machining ZrO2 ceramics. The cutting tool used was a self-designed PCD micro end mill with 1 mm in diameter and single flute. Experiments were conducted on a self-developed micro-milling machine tool. The tool wear characters and progress during the groove milling has been observed. The cutting force and machining accuracy of the grooves also have been studied. Based on the results, it is found that tool wear is mainly on the bottom surface; the cutting force increases with the progress of tool wear; tool wear also affect the width of machined grooves due to the decrease of effective tool diameter.
Editorial For the current development direction of "low-input & sustainable agriculture", water and agro-chemicals need to be applied accurately according to actual situations in fields, pastures, and forests. Variable-rate technology (VRT) is increasingly being paid attention to in the field of agricultural engineering. In such an application, features of spray targets should inspected continuously, and be used as the foundation to optimize application operation and adjust spray volume and spray characteristics, so as to improve the effectiveness and accuracy application. The VRT in Accurate water-saving irrigation refers to a process, in which for fields and soil categories with different conditions the data acquired using advanced information acquisition techniques and equipment's are processed and analyzed, then the input instructions for variable rate applicator are given to the actuator to implement variable input actions so as to control the spray volume of nozzles in real-time. VRT is a technique of precision management implemented on arable land in order to maximize the yield of crops. Compared with the traditional large-area uniform spraying technique, the variable-rate spraying technology (VRST) can achieve water-saving irrigation, reduce operation costs, and alleviate the pollution to the environment [1]. Due to VRST is widely used in crop farming, animal husbandry, horticulture and forestry, the research and development (R&D) on variable-rate control and actuating mechanism is getting more and more attention and more and more relatively mature VRST systems have been developed based on techniques of information acquisition and real-time sensor [2]. The process of VRT includes three stages: the first is detecting period, acquiring the needed information of the precise-spraying target; the second is the period of optimized decision, optimizing and analyzing of target information to determine the spray volume and spray characteristics needed for the ideal spray deposition (such as spray droplet size and drop velocity; the third is the period of implementing variable-rate spray according to the required spray volume and spray characteristics (such as droplet size spectra). Among the three stages, implement of variable-rate spray is the critical stage for realize precision irrigation. Accurate spraying relies on reliability and perfection of variable volume control. In order to cater to different requirement of reliable volume control and spray characteristics, various types of variable-rate spray equipment's have been designed and developed, such as PWM-based intermittent variable-rate spray [3-5], the direct-injection spray [6,7], the compressed air (type) sprayer with the ground speed control [8], PWM-based continuous variable-rate spray [9-12], and so on. In irrigation and drainage system, using VRT we can realize that: i. For rough terrain, it is easy to naturally form the terraced fields with the moist lower parts and the dry height. In order to avoid the overall yield decrease, local variable-rate ...
Laser assisted machining (LAM) is one important solution for machining difficult-to-machine materials. The heat transfer model of quasi steady state in laser assisted micro machining is built, and the simulation software for temperature distribution measurement is developed based on MATLAB. The simulated temperature distribution of the ZrO2 ceramic heated by pulse laser shows a good agreement of tendency with the corresponding experimental results through the infrared temperature measurement method, while the simulated temperature is consistently overestimated. This difference maybe results from the neglect of the heat loss caused by the heat radiation and the heat convection in the model. The proposed model in this paper could provide reference for the selection of optimal process parameters and improve the machining quality, which are closely related to the temperature distribution.
Micro cutting offers good potentialities in order to manufacture small and medium lot sizes of micro-parts with arbitrary geometry at an economically reasonable expense. This technology has been widely used in many fields, especially in aerospace field and biological medicine. The slit grating which is used for X-ray telescope is difficult to machine because of the small critical dimensions, large material removal rates and the high requirement of machining quality. In this paper, two methods are describes to manufacture the slit grating which include micro-milling and flying-cutting. The focus is on the design of micro tool, optimization of machining parameters, the comparison of machining efficiency and precision of slit grating by micro-milling and flying-cutting.
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