Crowd management is a flourishing, active research area and must be given attention due to the potential losses, disasters, and accidents that could occur if it were neglected. For the last decade, the crowd management field has witnessed significant advancements; however, more investigative work is still needed. The integration of different crowd detection and monitoring techniques can enhance the control and the performance compared to those of more limited stand-alone techniques. Crowd management encompasses an entire process, from the monitoring stage through the decision support system stage. This sector involves accessing and interpreting information sources, predicting crowd behavior, and deciding on the use of a range of possible interventions based on context. This paper shows a fresh conclusive review of the concept of the crowd, discussing it from several perspectives in light of its defining characteristics, its risks, and tragedies, which may occur due to challenges faced during crowd management, where these conclusions are based on a massive number of scholarly articles that were newly published. Besides, a systematic discussion is shown concerning the steps of managing a crowd, including crowd detection, in which several new methods are reviewed, followed by illustrating both direct and indirect approaches to crowd monitoring and tracking monitoring. The primary purpose of this review is to establish a comprehensive understanding of crowdrelated processes. Moreover, it aims to find research gaps to overcome the limitations of using stand-alone techniques in each process and provide support to other researchers' future work.
There are many problems that procedural algorithms can solve efficiently. However, these algorithms are sometimes too slow to abide by the time available for performing the solution; other times, it is impossible to get a solution using procedural algorithms. A heuristic method is a practical approach that can reach an approximation of an efficient solution where the optimum is not guaranteed. Heuristic techniques are applied in many real-world problems, including crowd management; using heuristic-based models helped to comprehend crowd behavior better and increase simulation reliability. This paper reviews many heuristic-related articles to gather the aspects of the topic in one place and clear the fuzziness to make it easy to comprehend. The paper covers some of the previous works with similar approaches and presents state-of-the-art heuristic solutions for real-world problems. These techniques are discussed under three classifications: simple heuristics, meta-heuristics, and hyper-heuristics. Most importantly, the paper explores the heuristic role in crowd field problems concluding that heuristics are primarily applied in modeling when it comes to the Crowd field. It investigates different heuristics for crowd management. The main intent of this review is to establish a comprehensive understanding of heuristics-related operations in the crowd management field. Moreover, it aims to support other researchers' future work and fill research gaps by highlighting the absence of crowd problems from heuristics literature and the limitations of each heuristics approach.
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