Crowd management is a flourishing, active research area and must be given attention due to the potential losses, disasters, and accidents that could occur if it were neglected. For the last decade, the crowd management field has witnessed significant advancements; however, more investigative work is still needed. The integration of different crowd detection and monitoring techniques can enhance the control and the performance compared to those of more limited stand-alone techniques. Crowd management encompasses an entire process, from the monitoring stage through the decision support system stage. This sector involves accessing and interpreting information sources, predicting crowd behavior, and deciding on the use of a range of possible interventions based on context. This paper shows a fresh conclusive review of the concept of the crowd, discussing it from several perspectives in light of its defining characteristics, its risks, and tragedies, which may occur due to challenges faced during crowd management, where these conclusions are based on a massive number of scholarly articles that were newly published. Besides, a systematic discussion is shown concerning the steps of managing a crowd, including crowd detection, in which several new methods are reviewed, followed by illustrating both direct and indirect approaches to crowd monitoring and tracking monitoring. The primary purpose of this review is to establish a comprehensive understanding of crowdrelated processes. Moreover, it aims to find research gaps to overcome the limitations of using stand-alone techniques in each process and provide support to other researchers' future work.
A software agent should be autonomous, flexible, robust and social. The increasing importance of the Multi-Agent System (MAS) has led to the greater availability of tools designed to facilitate their creation and use. To devise agents is considered a real challenge which faces analysts and designers during development of any multi-agent systems. This paper proposes a methodology to determine, clarify and differentiate among agents during development of multi-agent systems using goals and functionalities grouping approach. A step by step case of study is presented to explain the proposed methodology for the creation of an Online Intelligent System (OIS) for Board of Directors guide using Multi-Agent System to facilitate online communication between the board members and their president to monitor the policies and productivity of the company.
There are many problems that procedural algorithms can solve efficiently. However, these algorithms are sometimes too slow to abide by the time available for performing the solution; other times, it is impossible to get a solution using procedural algorithms. A heuristic method is a practical approach that can reach an approximation of an efficient solution where the optimum is not guaranteed. Heuristic techniques are applied in many real-world problems, including crowd management; using heuristic-based models helped to comprehend crowd behavior better and increase simulation reliability. This paper reviews many heuristic-related articles to gather the aspects of the topic in one place and clear the fuzziness to make it easy to comprehend. The paper covers some of the previous works with similar approaches and presents state-of-the-art heuristic solutions for real-world problems. These techniques are discussed under three classifications: simple heuristics, meta-heuristics, and hyper-heuristics. Most importantly, the paper explores the heuristic role in crowd field problems concluding that heuristics are primarily applied in modeling when it comes to the Crowd field. It investigates different heuristics for crowd management. The main intent of this review is to establish a comprehensive understanding of heuristics-related operations in the crowd management field. Moreover, it aims to support other researchers' future work and fill research gaps by highlighting the absence of crowd problems from heuristics literature and the limitations of each heuristics approach.
Microwave Imaging is a prominent technique in current imaging modalities for breast cancer detection and its treatment, primarily due to the significant dielectric property contrast between normal and malignant breast tissues. This study describes how VORD Viewpoint-Oriented Requirement Definition (VORD) method is used to examine patients for early detection of cancer by microwave imaging by realizing the existence of multiple perspectives by terminating differences in the demands of stakeholders. The proposed system in this paper is based on microwave imaging by Indirect Holography for Breast Cancer Detection System (IH-BCDS) using Viewpoint-Oriented Requirement Definition (VORD) method. The suggested approach for developing such system is to investigate the possibility of detecting tumors at an early stage by utilizing VORD as analysis tool which is an activity oriented framework for IH-BCDS requirement elicitation. If the system gets implemented successfully, it can play a vital role in detecting the tumor at an early stage by helping a medical specialist in decision making to diagnose the patient.
Modern companies wish to utilize business intelligence (BI) to track and analyze their courses of action. Many BI applications serve this purpose at many levels, starting from documenting and charting and ending with analytics and decision support systems, which are considered a sufficient complement to consultancy and management resources. However, the contemporaneous BI software is missing two functionalities. First, although nearly all applications of the same genre use almost identical concepts, there is no unified application programming interface (API) to enable interaction. The second problem is a consequence of the first issue. Without a unified API, BI applications cannot be integrated, eliminating any possibility of establishing universal platforms for BI distributed services. Lacking these two functionalities makes developers reinvent the wheel with each new implementation. To solve these problems, we propose a platform running a multiagent business intelligence system. This system empowers the available BI resources to serve a larger segment of the BI end-user applications cooperatively. To build this system, we propose a unified model that enables distributive agent-based tasking and cooperative interaction. This allows researchers to cooperate in spreading the multiagent platform’s functionality and helps them proceed toward more detailed analysis considering agents’ construction. Moreover, it will enable BI service providers to cooperatively implement new applications and develop better solutions while maintaining a functional end-user program.
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