Nanotechnology is the formation, running and use of operation at the nanomaterial size scale (1–100 nm). Nanoscale materials can also be obtained by biological synthesis materials via eco-friendly green chemistry based technique. Current development and numerous strategies involved in the green synthesis of nanoparticles were focussed. This review mainly focused on plants which include scientific name, family name, common name, plant parts, its characterization, size and shape of the nanoparticles. Plant extract which was done experimentally gives its various characterization which leads to the identification of compounds of different nano size and shape. Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles is in different shapes like spherical, rod, cubic, triangle and also in different sizes. Various application and importance of gold nanoparticles in numerous fields were discussed. The mark of the review is to provide an overview of recent learning in biosynthesized nanoparticles, its characterization and their potential applications.

Environment friendly methods for the synthesis of copper nanoparticles have become a valuable trend in the current scenario. The utilization of phytochemicals from plant extracts has become a unique technology for the synthesis of nanoparticles, as they possess dual nature of reducing and capping agents to the nanoparticles. In the present investigation we have synthesized copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) using a rare medicinal plant Cissus arnotiana and evaluated their antibacterial activity against gram negative and gram positive bacteria.The morphology and characterization of the synthesized CuNPs were studied and done using UV-Visible spectroscopy at a wavelength range of 350-380nm. XRD studies were performed for analyzing the crystalline nature; SEM and TEM for evaluating the spherical shape within the size range of 60-90nm and AFM was performed to check the surface roughness. The biosynthesized CuNPs showed better antibacterial activity against the gram-negative bacteria, E. coli with an inhibition zone of 22.20±0.16 mm at 75µg/ml. The antioxidant property observed was comparatively equal with the standard antioxidant agent ascorbic acid at a maximum concentration of 40 µg/ ml. This is the first study reported on C. arnotiana mediated biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles, where we believe that the findings can pave way for a new direction in the field of nanotechnology and nanomedicine where there is a significant potential for antibacterial and antioxidant activities. We predict that, these could lead to an exponential increase in the field of biomedical applications, with the utilization of green synthesized CuNPs, due to its remarkable properties. The highest antibacterial property was observed with gram-negative strains mainly, E. coli, due to its thin peptidoglycan layer and electrostatic interactions between the bacterial cell wall and CuNPs surfaces. Hence, CuNPs can be potent therapeutic agents in several biomedical applications, which are yet to be explored in the near future.

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Copper nanoparticles are one of the most promising agents in the field of nanotechnology which has the widest range of applications in various fields. Copper is an inorganic and safest material to humans, extensively used as an anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-cancer agent and also as catalysts and sensors in high potential, peculiarly in nanosize. This emerged the preparation of CuNPs using various techniques. Many conventional methods have been employed for the synthesizing CuNPs which include electron beam lithography, inert gas condensation, ion implantation, laser ablation, mechanical milling, mechanical grinding, pulsed wire discharge, spray pyrolysis, vacuum vapour deposition, chemical reduction method, electrochemical method, microemulsion method, microwave method and solvothermal decomposition method. Relatively the biological method is highly recommended for the synthesis of CuNPs due to the absence of harmless chemicals, enhanced biocompatibility, eco-friendly, greater biological activity and low toxicity. This review is focussing on the biogenic synthesis of CuNPs using plants and micro-organisms, reaction conditions, characterization techniques and their applications.

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Due to the broad-spectrum biological activities, fused heterocyclic compounds are one of the most important systems in medicinal chemistry. Among them, the imidazothiazole which contains a bridgehead nitrogen atom has a vital role because of various applications such as anticancer, antimalarial, antiviral, etc. Designing various imidazothiazole scaffolds has become more important because of their several biological applications. The present review paper discusses the numerous biological applications of imidazothiazole scaffolds in the field of medicine. The review would be useful in future drug design for the development of more promising drug-like scaffolds.

Colorectal cancer is becoming more common and deadly in both men and women nowadays. Although various treatment interventions are available including chemotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy and hormonal therapy, they are associated with some harmful effects. To avoid the risk factors associated with these therapies, natural products could be used as one of the most promising candidates for colorectal cancer. The natural products and their dietary supplements demonstrated stronger potential against various colorectal cancer cells. Flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, saponins, quinones, alkaloids, and other secondary metabolites are among the bioactive substances found in dietary supplements. These dietary phytochemicals exhibited strong and potent cytotoxicity against colorectal cancer cells which indicated their ability as chemopreventive agents. Both intrinsic and extrinsic routes were used to trigger apoptosis by the phytochemical substances. Phytochemicals influenced the cell cycle regulation, oncogenes, tumor markers and induced apoptosis by modulating tumor-suppressive miRNAs, affecting the cell signaling pathways, upregulating apoptotic inducers with the downregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins and factors. Thus, in this review, we addressed the sources and mechanism of various isolated phytochemicals as anti-colorectal cancer agents.