The emergence of multi-drug resistant pathogenic bacteria represents a serious and growing threat to national healthcare systems. Most pressing is an immediate need for the development of novel antibacterial agents to treat Gram-negative multi-drug resistant infections, including the opportunistic, hospital-derived pathogen, Acinetobacter baumannii. Herein we report a naturally occurring 1,2-benzisoxazole with minimum inhibitory concentrations as low as 6.25 μg ml−1 against clinical strains of multi-drug resistant A. baumannii and investigate its possible mechanisms of action. This molecule represents a new chemotype for antibacterial agents against A. baumannii and is easily accessed in two steps via de novo synthesis. In vitro testing of structural analogs suggest that the natural compound may already be optimized for activity against this pathogen. Our results demonstrate that supplementation of 4-hydroxybenzoate in minimal media was able to reverse 1,2-benzisoxazole’s antibacterial effects in A. baumannii. A search of metabolic pathways involving 4-hydroxybenzoate coupled with molecular modeling studies implicates two enzymes, chorismate pyruvate-lyase and 4-hydroxybenzoate octaprenyltransferase, as promising leads for the target of 3,6-dihydroxy-1,2-benzisoxazole.
BACKGROUND It is of outmost importance to know the effects of nickel on a cellular level. The objective of this systematic review was to analyse the factors affecting nickel release, the amount of nickel being released in commercially available NiTi wires and to also analyse the blood / periodontal evaluation after orthodontic treatment in conventional and nickel free brackets. METHODS For this systematic review, relevant articles were searched in PubMed, MedLine, Cochrane, EMBASE and Google Scholar databases, along with a complimentary manual search of all orthodontic journals from January 1980 till the year 2019 December. The study included in vitro and in vivo studies. 14 articles were included in this systematic review. RESULTS 160 articles were obtained initially. 41 were obtained by a manual search. 186 articles were excluded based on the inclusion criteria and 14 articles were found to be eligible. CONCLUSION This systematic review shows that nickel solution at a minimal concentration could damage human gingival fibroblast. As the carcinogenic effect of nickel has been already confirmed, other alloys that do not contain the heavy metal nickel can be used or standardization of the amount of nickel leach out from the appliance should be considered. KEY WORDS NiTi, Nickel Release, Periodontal Tissue or Periodontium, Cytotoxicity, Orthodontics
With the search for a smarter, faster, and technological ways of getting things accomplished, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is developing at a faster pace. The technology has become a part of daily life, where the blend of human intelligence and machine learning has reached heights in various fields of science and technology. The machine simulates the human intelligence and improves their abilities with the help of self-adapting algorithms. Artificial intelligence has provided many benefits in various fields, particularly in medicine, where it plays a major role in the advancement of the medical field, ranging from virtual assistants to creating a better diagnosis and treatment using accumulated patient data. In orthodontics, the treatment focuses on altering the occlusion, controlling the development of dentoalveolar components and growth abnormalities. An effective assessment of these problems enables in determining the need for treatment and to prioritize it. Precise diagnosis, offering relevant and complete information is a key to a successful practice in orthodontics. Of late artificial intelligence is applied in orthodontics in decision making and planning effective treatment outcomes. Artificial intelligence is useful in simulation of various clinical scenarios in the three-essential sequence - diagnosis, treatment planning and treatment, which is efficient enough in reducing the workload, time and also increases the accuracy and monitoring. In no ways artificial intelligence can replace the dentist because clinical practice is not just about the diagnosis and treatment plan. So, humans should have a basic understanding on artificial intelligence models to assist in clinical judgement and not to replace the knowledge and expertise of humans. KEY WORDS Artificial intelligence, Machine Learning, Artificial Neural Network, Orthodontics, Review
Talon cusp (TC) is a relatively uncommon developmental anomaly characterized by cusp-like projections from the cemento-enamel junction to a variable distance toward the incisal edge of an anterior tooth. It usually presents on palatal/lingual surface of the anterior teeth. Studies have revealed that it consists of enamel, dentine and a variable amount of pulp tissue. Presence of this cusp on the facial surface of an anterior tooth is a rare finding with very few cases being reported in the literature. The effects of TCs are mainly aesthetic and functional. The management requires a sufficient knowledge of the present clinical entity and the problems associated with it. Early detection and treatment plays a very vital role in avoiding the future complications. The present case reports a 25-year-old male patient with a facial TC on the mandibular left central incisor in which a prophylactic enameloplasty was carried out to avoid the stagnation of debris and stain.
Introduction: Oral cavity is a natural habitat of bacteria which proliferates when an orthodontic appliance is placed which leads to enamel demineralisation or white spot lesions. In order to reduce the bacterial proliferation, the surface coating of brackets using nano particles came into existence. Aim: The aim of this systematic review is to assess the different surface modifications using nano coating materials and evaluate the antibacterial properties of these nano coated orthodontic brackets. Materials and Methods: A systematic review was conducted in September 2021, analysing the microbial adhesion and antibacterial properties of orthodontic brackets after application of nano-coating against uncoated brackets was conducted from the available electronic database during January 2000 to June 2021, which included PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar. Because of the less number of in-vivo studies, in-vitro studies were also included. An analysis on the microbial adhesion and antibacterial effects of various orthodontic brackets was done. The results were tabulated after performing risk of bias assessment for each study. Results: Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 13 studies were included in the study. Risk of bias was medium for majority of the selected studies. As per the previous literature, bacterial adherence of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Actinomyces viscous and Candida albicans was reported lower in groups of brackets coated with silver nano particles than that in the groups of brackets without the addition of silver nano particles. The corrosion level on the silver or silver platinum (Ag-Pt)-coated specimens was lower than that on the non coated specimens. Conclusion: The stainless-steel orthodontic brackets coated with various nano coating materials like silver, silver-platinum, titanium, Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Copper Oxide (CuO) exhibited adequate antibacterial effect. This shows that in orthodontic patients, especially the one susceptible to caries, the amount of plaque accumulation is significantly reduced when nano-coated orthodontic brackets are used. They reduce the microbial colony count and prevent enamel demineralisation and white spot lesions. Further clinical trials must be carried out on a large scale to confirm the results.
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