The present study was designed to elaborate on the morphometry of the skull of non-descript goats in Mizoram state of India. The study was conducted on the skull of twelve (n=12) adult goats of either sex (n=6 males and n=6 females) collected from the local slaughterhouses. Altogether, forty-one different measurements were taken morphologically. In the present study, the cranial and facial bones were the major components of the skull with a total of thirty-two bones. There were three single and four paired cranial bones with a total of eleven bones. There were one single and the rest were paired facial bones with a total of twenty-one bones. The cranial bones were occipital, parietal, interparietal, sphenoid, ethmoid, frontal and temporal. The facial bones were maxilla, premaxilla (incisive), palatine, pterygoid, nasal, lacrimal, zygomatic (malar), vomer, turbinate, mandible and hyoid. The skull measurements showed that the skull of the goat was elongated and dolichocephalic as per the cephalic index (47.82±0.05). The length and width of the skull was 19.28±0.03 cm and 9.22±0.04 cm, respectively. There were two supraorbital foramina on both sides of the frontal bone. The prominent facial tuberosity lies dorsally to the third superior premolar tooth. Single infraorbital foramen was located dorsally to the junction of the first and second superior premolar teeth on maxilla bone. The orbits were round and complete and situated on a frontolateral oblique plane. It can be concluded that the findings of this study would assist the comparative studies with other domesticated animals in the future and would be applicable in clinical veterinary practice and even in zooarchaeology.
In
the present study, photocatalytic oxidation of dye bearing wastewater
has been done using iron doped zinc oxide (Fe/ZnO) photocatalyst.
Various photocatalysts were synthesized by solution combustion synthesis
method, and their structural, morphological, and optical properties
were studied using N2 adsorption–desorption, Fourier
transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer, thermogravimetric
analysis, field emission scanning electron microscope, transition
electron microscope, and UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectra.
Effect of various parameters such as the amount of iron doped, calcination
temperature, calcination time, pH of the dye solution, catalyst dose,
hydrogen peroxide dose, reaction temperature, and initial concentration
of the dye solution were optimized. At optimum conditions, more that
71% color removal, 94% dye degradation, and 41% total organic carbon
removal was observed for acid red 1 dye solution having an initial
concentration of 50 mg/L and initial color of 2730 Pt:Co units.
Since commencement of COVID-19 pandemic, several SARS-CoV-2 variants have emerged amid containment efforts
via
vaccination. The Delta variant (B.1.617.2), discovered in October 2020, was designated as a VOC by the WHO on May 11, 2021. The enhanced transmissibility of Delta variant has been associated with critical mutations such as D614G, L452R, P681R, and T478K in the S-protein. The increased affinity of the S-protein and ACE2 has been postulated as a key reason for decreased vaccine efficacy. As per evidence, the Delta variant possesses increased transmissibility and decreased vaccine efficacy compared to other VOCs like Alpha and Beta. This has led to concerns regarding the acquisition of novel mutations in the Delta variant and outbreaks in vulnerable communities, including vaccinated people. In this mini-review of Delta variant, we have explained its evolution and characteristics, the impact of spike mutations on infectivity and immune evasion, and measures to combat future outbreaks.
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