Macrophages work with monocytes and dendritic cells to form a monocyte immune system, which constitutes a powerful cornerstone of the immune system with their powerful antigen presentation and phagocytosis. Macrophages play an essential role in infection, inflammation, tumors and other pathological conditions, but these cells also have non-immune functions, such as regulating lipid metabolism and maintaining homeostasis. Propofol is a commonly used intravenous anesthetic in the clinic. Propofol has sedative, hypnotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation effects, and it participates in the body’s immunity. The regulation of propofol on immune cells, especially macrophages, has a profound effect on the occurrence and development of human diseases. We summarized the effects of propofol on macrophage migration, recruitment, differentiation, polarization, and pyroptosis, and the regulation of these propofol-regulated macrophage functions in inflammation, infection, tumor, and organ reperfusion injury. The influence of propofol on pathology and prognosis via macrophage regulation is also discussed. A better understanding of the effects of propofol on macrophage activation and function in human diseases will provide a new strategy for the application of clinical narcotic drugs and the treatment of diseases.
Objective: Previous studies have found that college students with left-behind experience presented high levels of aggression, and childhood trauma may be one of the contributors. This study aimed to examine the relationship between childhood trauma and aggression in Chinese college students, and to explore the mediating role of self-compassion and the moderating role of left-behind experience. Method: 629 Chinese college students completed the questionnaires at two time points: childhood trauma and self-compassion were assessed at baseline, and aggression was assessed at baseline and 3-month follow-up. Results: Among these participants, 391 (62.2%) had left-behind experience. Emotional neglect of college students with left-behind experience in childhood was significantly higher than that of college students without such experience. Childhood trauma predicted aggression after 3 months among college students. Self-compassion mediated the predictive effect of childhood trauma on aggression after controlling for gender, age, only-child status, and family residential status. However, no moderating effect of left-behind experience was found. Conclusions: These findings indicated that childhood trauma is an important predictor of aggression among Chinese college students regardless of their left-behind experience. The reason for the higher aggression of left-behind college students may be that their left-behind situation increased the possibility of childhood trauma. In addition, whether in college students with left-behind experience or without such experience, childhood trauma may increase aggression by reducing the level of self-compassion. Furthermore, interventions incorporating components to improve self-compassion could be effective in decreasing aggression of college students who perceived high childhood trauma.
Clinical Impact StatementThis study found that childhood trauma was one of the important contributors to the high aggression of Chinese college students, regardless of their left-behind experience, and left-behind experience did not increase the negative impact of childhood trauma on aggression. The reason for the high level of aggression in Chinese college students may be that the left-behind experience increases the possibility of childhood trauma. In addition, in college students with childhood trauma, decreasing their cognitive model of self-criticism and cultivating a caring and nonjudgmental attitude toward themselves are conducive to reducing their level of aggression.
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