Kharouf, Sh., Sh. Hamzeh and M.F. Azmeh. 2021. Races Identification of Wheat Rusts in Syria during the 2019 Growing Season. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 39(1): 1-13. Wheat rust diseases, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (stripe or yellow rust), P. triticina f. sp. tritici (leaf or brown rust) and P. graminis f. sp. tritici (stem or black rust) are important factors affecting both durum and bread wheat production in Syria. Considerable losses were caused by these diseases, especially stripe rust, estimated at more than one million metric tons, in the 2010 season, out of 5 million anticipated production. Therefore, it is essential to monitor and follow the movement of these three rust physiological races. In the 2019 growing season, 165 wheat fields were surveyed, and 312 samples were collected and characterized. Ten races of stripe rust were identified in ten locations, of which, four represent new record in Syria, namely the races 16E154, 69E150, 264E46 and 258E64. In addition, four races of leaf rust were identified in four locations, one of which (BKLP) is a new record in Syria. In addition, three previously recorded stem rust races were identified from three different locations. It should be mentioned that the newly recorded races of stripe rust are able to overcome resistance genes Yr1 and Yr5, on which the resistance of durum wheat cultivars such as "Cham3" depended, with a disease severity of 40S recorded in the same locations. It is also worth noting that the stripe rust race 462E128 (warrior) was not detected in the isolates studied. Likewise, the stem rust race Ug99 was also not identified, and because of the aggressiveness of this race, continuous inspection through field surveys accompanied with pathogenicity tests is essential during the coming seasons. Keywords: Stripe (yellow) rust, Leaf (brown) rust, stem (black) rust, race identification, wheat, Syria
Yellow Rust (stripe) rust (Puccinia striiformis West. f. sp. tritici) is one of the most epidemic diseases infect wheat in cold and wet regions. In 1988, this disease caused a loss of seasonal production amounted 70% on wheat variety Mexipak in Syria, and recurrent infection in 2010, caused by a virulent race called Yr27, caused a considerable loss in the production of bread wheat cultivars (Cham 8, Cham 6 particularly) amounted 90%. Recently, 15 races of yellow rust had been addressed in Syria for seasons 2010-2014; 159E256, 166E254, 166E256, 255 E112, 0 E0, 64 E 6, 230 E150, 0 E 18, 198 E130, 166 E150, 102 E160, 128 E0, 126 E150, 214E150, and 6E16. The race 6E16 was the most frequent during the two seasons, while the race 255E112 was the most virulent, followed by the race 230E222 and the race 0E0 was the weakest one. This study revealed the presence of fourteen newly observed races in Syria. Molecular Variance Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) of 55 yellow rust Puccinia striiformis f.sp tritici isolates examined by Amplify Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) revealed high genetic variation within population, and the dimensional scale analysis (MSD) and tree diagram showed that the Syrian yellow rust isolates were clustered in three groups: the first group contained isolates derived from durum wheat, the second one contained bread wheat isolates, but the third was made of isolates derived from both durum and bread wheat species.
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