Antibiotic resistance is increasing at an alarming rate and is now widely recognized as a global issue that requires urgent attention. Globally, the demand for new drugs has increased due to multidrug-resistant pathogens and emerging viruses. One promising avenue of research involves antibiotic resistance breakers (ARBs), which may or may not have direct antibacterial effects and can either be co-administered with or conjugated with failing antibiotics. This strategy may increase an antibiotic’s spectrum and its efficacy against bacteria that have acquired resistance against it and reduce the dosage necessary for an antibiotic. In this chapter, we have discussed antibiotic resistance breakers, their classification, and mechanisms of action in combating microbial resistance. Moreover, this chapter will also focus on the nanotechnological approach, a novel delivery platform using nano-carriers used to overcome the permeability barrier encountered in resistant bacteria. Nano-carriers are also used to selectively deliver high concentrations of antibiotics locally, thus avoiding systemic side effects. Several strategies have been studied to deliver antibiotics such as the use of antimicrobial polymers, nanoparticles, and liposomes. The current study will help to understand how the resistance ability of bacteria can be overcome or reversed through antibiotic resistance breakers and nano-antibiotics.
Medicinal plants are used as fundamental and low-cost source for remedy of numbers of infectious and metabolic diseases in developing and developed countries. Current research work was planned to evaluate the antibacterial, antifungal, and cytotoxic potential of hydroethanolic extract of E. grandiflorum. It was found that selected natural medicinal herb have significant (p<0.05) antibacterial activities tested against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pasteurella multocida, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter species, Pseudomonas Species and Salmonella Species. The results of bacterial biofilm inhibition also explored that selected natural herb has significant (p<0.05) capacity to prevent the microbial biofilm particularly at higher dose. The results of antifungal activities showed that selected medicinal plant has significant (p<0.05) antifungal potential evaluated against Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus, Fusarium solani, Alternata alternaria, and Schizophyllum species. Moreover, the results of mutagenicity test and DNA damage preventive test explored that selective medicinal plant has significant (p<0.05) DNA protective capacity or in other words it is non-mutagenic or cytotoxic in nature. It could be concluded that E. grandiflorum could be a potential candidate as therapeutic agent to manage infectious diseases especial bacterial and fungal infections with non-toxic nature.
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