The transgender people (hijra), who claim to be neither male nor female, are socially excluded in Bangladesh. This paper describes social exclusion of hijra [The term is used in this abstract both in singular and plural sense] focusing on the pathway between exclusion and sexual health. In an ethnographic study, 50 in-depth interviews with hijra, 20 key-informant interviews, and 10 focus-group discussions (FGDs), along with extensive field observations, were conducted. The findings revealed that hijra are located at the extreme margin of exclusion having no sociopolitical space where a hijra can lead life of a human being with dignity. Their deprivations are grounded in non-recognition as a separate gendered human being beyond the male-female dichotomy. Being outside this norm has prevented them from positioning themselves in greater society with human potential and security. They are physically, verbally, and sexually abused. Extreme social exclusion diminishes self-esteem and sense of social responsibility. Before safer sex interventions can be effective in a broader scale, hijra need to be recognized as having a space on society's gender continuum. Hijra, as the citizens of Bangladesh and part of society's diversity, have gender, sexual and citizenship rights, that need to be protected.

Background Dengue–COVID-19 coinfection is one of the greatest emerging challenges in dengue-endemic areas during the continuing pandemic. With coinciding clinical and laboratory pictures, early diagnosis becomes burdensome, with management discrepancy. Methods A descriptive study was performed on dengue–COVID-19 coinfected patients during July–August 2021 for an overview of disease progression, severity and outcome. A total of 11 patients who were positive for dengue NS1 and/or antidengue IgM were included in this study. Results In total, 45.5% patients developed severe COVID-19 disease, 45.5% patients developed group B dengue fever and 9% patients developed group C dengue fever. Concurrent severity of both diseases was seen to be rare, except for in one patient. Conclusion Early diagnosis and compatible management still stand as basic principles to prevent fatality and morbidity.

Cutaneous tuberculosis (CTB), a rare manifestation of tuberculosis is one of the most challenging diagnoses to establish. Metastasic tuberculous abscess is a form of CTB which is characterized by cold abscesses on the patient's extremities or trunk without any involvement of underlying tissue. Here we report a case of 56-year-old Bangladeshi male with no previous history of TB, who presented with multiple abscesses over the body for 3 months. His diagnosis was confirmed on the basis of demonstration of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the lesions by staining, PCR and culture. But no primary focus was found. After 1 month of anti-tubercular therapy, significant improvement was noted.

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To ensure that potential kidney donors in Bangladesh have no renal impairment, it is extremely important to have accurate methods for evaluating the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). We evaluated the performance of serum creatinine based GFR in healthy adult potential kidney donors in Bangladesh to compare GFR determined by DTPA with that determined by various prediction equations. In this study GFR in 61 healthy adult potential kidney donors were measured with 99 m Tc-diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA) renogram. We also estimated GFR using a four variable equation modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD), Cockcroft-Gault creatinine clearance (CG CrCl), Cockcroft-Gault glomerular filtration rate (CG-GFR). The mean age of study population was 34.31±9.46 years and out of them 65.6% was male. In this study mean mGFR was 85.4±14.8. Correlation of estimated GFR calculated by CG-CrCl, CG-GFR and MDRD were done with measured GFR DTPA using quartile. Kappa values were also estimated which was found to be 0.104 for (p=0.151), 0.336 for (p=0.001) and 0.125 for (p=0.091) respectively. This indicates there is no association between estimated GFR calculated by CG-CrCl, CG-GFR, MDRD with measured GFR DTPA. These results show poor performance of these equations in evaluation of renal function among healthy population and also raise question regarding validity of these equations for assessment of renal function in chronic kidney disease in our population.