Electricity demand in Pakistan has consistently increased in the past two decades. However, this demand is so far partially met due to insufficient supply, inefficient power plants, high transmission and distribution system losses, lack of effective planning efforts and due coordination. The existing electricity generation also largely depends on the imported fossil fuels, which is a huge burden on the national economy alongside causing colossal loss to the environment. It is also evident from existing government plans that electricity generation from low-cost coal fuels in the near future will further increase the emissions. As such, in this study, following the government’s electricity demand forecast, four supply side scenarios for the study period (2013–2035) have been developed using Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System (LEAP) software tool. These scenarios are Reference scenario (REF) based on the government’s power expansion plans, and three alternative scenarios, which include, More Renewable (MRR), More Hydro (MRH), and More Hydro Nuclear (MRHN). Furthermore, the associated gaseous emissions (CO2, SO2, NOX, CH4, N2O) are projected under each of these scenarios. The results of this study reveal that the alternative scenarios are more environmentally friendly than the REF scenario where penetration of planned coal-based power generation plants would be the major sources of emissions. It is, therefore, recommended that the government, apart from implementing the existing plans, should consider harnessing the renewable energy sources as indispensable energy sources in the future energy mix for electricity generation to reduce the fossil-fuel import bill and to contain the emissions.
Energy is needed for all community activities, the production of all goods, and the provision of all services. It is extremely important to a country’s economy and wealth. Currently, conventional fossil fuels provide most of the world’s energy. In case of oil and gas fields their energy consumption is totally off-grid, their generation depends upon fossil fuels, the cost of energy consumption of oil and gas fields are too high because operational work of the field is totally depending upon fossil fuels. The development of off-grid renewable energy generation technologies offers the opportunity for tackling these challenges. This study provides a techno-economic feasibility analysis of an off-grid hybrid renewable energy system [HRES] for Pasakhi Satellite Oil & Gas Field, Tando Jam, Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. The proposed hybrid energy system designed for field consists of the different combination of solar Photovoltaics [PVs], wind turbines, batteries, and generator to meet the required energy consumption demand. The renewable hybrid energy system is model and optimized configuration through powerful simulation software Hybrid Optimized Model for Electric Renewable [HOMER] Pro. The optimized configuration of the hybrid system consists of solar PV’s (50 kW), Wind turbines (60 kW), 40 lead-acid batteries (165 Ah and 12V each), 30 kw generator and 100 kW converter. The simulation results show that the proposed system can meet the power requirements of 250 kWh/day primary demand load with 40.21 kW peak load. This system configuration has the Capital Cost $71040, the Net Present Cost [NPC] of $253,159 and Cost of Energy [COE] of 0.215$/kWh. Furthermore, the results of the present study are compared with the literature because of which a cost-effective HRES with a low COE has been established.
Pakistan has been facing energy crises for more than a decade as a result of its reliance on imported fossil fuels, circular debt, political instability, and absurd energy policies. However, the country has abundant renewable energy resources which, if harnessed, may help to effectively cope with ever-increasing energy demand. This review study investigates the country’s economic and energy situations, energy crises, and energy sector performance. A critical analysis of studies conducted on Pakistan’s energy planning since its independence in 1947 is, and policies announced to date are assessed. This review reveals that the economic situation of the country has remained severely stressed, and energy sector performance has been compromised over the years for various underlying reasons. The energy policy narrative in the early decades of the post-independence period focused on water resource management, whereas energy concerns were only realized in the late 1960s as demand grew. The first-ever energy and power planning study in Pakistan was conducted in 1967, and since then, various studies have been conducted to support the medium-term development plans of the government. These planning studies inspired further development, and in 1994, the first-ever electricity-focused power policy was announced by the government in response to industrial growth and subsequent electricity demand. However, this and subsequent policies were fossil-fuel-centric until 2006, when the government announced the first-ever renewable energy policy. This 2006 policy focused on increasing renewable energy penetration in the overall energy mix by setting specific targets. However, these targets have rarely been accomplished as a result of a lack of an effective planning paradigm, as most of studies have been conducted without sound demand forecasting and without considering renewable energy’s potential to meet growing demand. As such, planning efforts based on proven methodologies/modeling tools and the undertaking of demand forecasts and renewable energy assessments are inevitable for countries such as Pakistan. Therefore, we suggest that sectoral energy demand forecasting, estimation of renewable energy potential with end use, and modeling of optimal penetration of renewable energy using energy modeling tools will be helpful to develop sustainable energy policies in Pakistan to eradicate the energy crisis.
In Pakistan, around 58% of current electricity is generated from fossil fuels and only 2.4% is generated using renewable energy (RE) resources even though country is blessed with enormous RE potential. Among other RE resources, Pakistan's geographical location offers high solar energy potential, which implies that actual potential assessment should be undertaken. This study, as such, undertakes a comprehensive assessment of solar energy potential and prospects of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems for both off-grid and gridconnected systems. This study also estimates the future available capacity of rooftop and rural off-grid solar PV capacity. Three different types of solar PV modules of the same size, that is, thin-film, premium, and standard were modeled to compare energy outputs. NREL's System Advisor Model (SAM) is used to estimate the geographical and technical potential of solar PV considering updated data and geographical information. SAM results suggest that an average of 4.5 kWh/kWp/day is obtained from an installed capacity of 1 KWp. The logistic modeling equations are further used to forecast the solar PV penetration over a period until 2090. The research investigation concludes that 2.8 × 10 6 GWh of electricity can be generated annually in Pakistan. The estimated results prove that solar PV has the potential to meet the present as well as future energy needs of Pakistan.
Summary Buildings around the world account for about one‐third of the energy consumption. Enough energy is required to maintain the comfort level for the occupants. Recently, the rise in global temperature resulting in climate change is associated with the comfort level for both outdoor and indoor of the buildings. Thus, providing acceptable comfort levels within buildings has become significant. The comfortable indoor environment of building requires energy for the operation of various appliances. A smart and energy efficient approach is the need of an hour to reduce energy consumption and attain comfortable indoor environment. The building energy and comfort management system (BECMS) model incorporating trade‐off between energy consumption and comfort has already been focused in previous studies. However, limited analyses have been observed in comparing the most efficient population‐based algorithm for BECMS. In this paper, a comparative study has been carried out using three different optimization techniques including multi‐objective genetic algorithm (MOGA), hybrid MOGA (HMOGA), and multi‐objective particle swarm optimization method (MOPSO) for optimal energy and comfort management in buildings. These optimization techniques have been widely employed to solve various optimization problems. The significant contribution of this article identifies the best suited algorithm in attaining best optimized solution of energy and comfort in a building. The comparative analysis of the three optimization techniques shows that MOPSO outperforms and attains maximum comfort level and higher energy savings.
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