Time is an important element in modern literature, has always been one of the most important themes of Virginia Woolf’s novels. The purpose of this paper is to look at Woolf treatment of the movement of time within the conscious mind in the novel in title of To the Light House by Virginia Woolf. One conclusion drawn from this study is that Woolf began to use time as a literary element, thereby decreasing her development of plot and characterization. A second conclusion is that she was greatly influenced by the philosophy of Henri Bergson and that consequently her writing increasingly reflects the fluid movement of time within consciousness. This paper demonstrates that Virginia Woolf used time as a formal element of narrative to show the relationship of time to human consciousness; and she never overlooked the fact that time moves human beings toward death. For Woolf, life is characterized by endless variety and movement. Its exquisite beauty is enhanced by knowing that we humans live short lives and lose everything when we die.
Austrian British philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein is one of the greatest philosophers in the 20th century. He mostly works in analytic philosophical thought in topics as diverse as logic and language, perception and intention, ethic and religion, aesthetic and culture. Philosophers often create their own vocabularies by giving special meanings to ordinary terms and phrases. Wittgenstein coinages the term of “language games” and the ‘private language argument”. His argument on the language is the rules of the use of ordinary language is neither right nor wrong, neither true nor false, the language is merely useful for the particular applications in which they are applied . Language is defined not as a system of representation but as a system of devices for engaging in various sorts of social activity, hence ‘the meaning of the word is its use in the language.
This paper traces Foucault’s notion of power in Kate Chopin’s The Awakening. The writers bring into the light, different aspects of a woman’s position in the society of late nineteenth-century America. Paper looks at private and social conditions of women, using Foucault’s ideology of power, and discuss the reactions of Chopin’s protagonist in relation to her actions towards the workings of power in her life. With a close analysis of the novel based on Foucault’s ideology of power, researchers discuss the workings of power in the protagonist’s married and social life, including her efforts to set herself free from this power and her process of resistance analyzed according to Foucault’s theory. The research comes to the conclusion that the impossibility of acting outside power, the possibility of resisting power from within and Foucault’s “Care of the self” as the only way to traverse the power-defined failed of possible actions. Paper shows that, Chopin’s protagonist does not resist patriarchy based on Foucault’s methods and her actions towards power do not lead to any effective ending.
This paper attempts to analyze the mentioned novel based on postcolonial studies in Arundhati Roy's The God of Small Things. The concepts that can be mentioned in this novel are history, diaspora, hybridity, the role of women in Indian society, globalization, resistance and orientalism. These concepts are used from postcolonial theorists, Homi K. Bhabha . Colonization is a period of time. This is history itself. In developing the dominance of colonization, writers played a main role. Knowledge and power are the dominating themes that over-rule the deep nature of imperialism and literature. These themes indicate the superior literature, culture and tradition as the standard form of acceptance. Colonization is a period of time. This is history itself. In the result of the colonization, the migration and transition were not avoidable issues. Therefore, in this displacement, the new identity has been made. People’s customs, cultures and beliefs are mixed with colonizers’ unconsciously. India is a multicultural country. There are many various cultures in this country. And also during the colonization and the dominance of Britain over India, the changes were made in its customs and cultures. Arundhati Roy is an Indian writer and female activist.
With the advent of modernism and new philosophical and scientific ideas, the concept of time was treated in a new way. Bergson’s philosophy about time had a great influence on modernist writers and artist. One of the writers who were influenced by him is Katherine Mansfield. Therefore we could see Bergson’s theory of time used by her in her stories to convert her own messages. Katherine Mansfield was one of these writers that made use of different techniques in her stories in order to show time. She was much influenced by the French philosopher Henri Bergson and made use of his thoughts in her stories. This paper is going to present how Mansfield shows the concept of time in her stories and what strategies she uses to show the inner time and outer time of her characters. The study also wants to show effects of time on her characters and how being in a certain age of life, status and class in society affects the perceiving of time in people. The major concern of these stories is to show the significance of time according to Bergson’s linear and subjective theory of time. These stories show how characters experience duration in their mind and how the linear passage of time mainly affects them. The main purpose of this paper is to study the notion of time according to Bergson’s linear and subjective time in Mansfield’s stories. According to this theory there are two kinds of time, the spatial time and duration (inner time). Reality is only in the duration of individuals and the only way to achieve freedom is through duration.
This paper attempts to investigate significations of the tropes of whiteness and blackness in white American culture in Baraka`s play, The Dutchman. . Gramsci is concerned with how one views man in history. His point is that men determine history rather than the reverse and this history is determined by the way in which men produce their means of subsistence. Man therefore is a social and “material” entity since. By producing their means of subsistence men are indirectly producing their actual material life. Man’s ability to produce, the means of production, and the product produced, therefore, are central to man’s ability to be self-determined, to be real rather than an abstraction, a concept. It is in man’s reality, a reification brought about by the conscious act of production that he establishes his humanity. Marx’s humanism, therefore, is social in that man produces for more than himself; it is material in the “mode of production.” By material is not meant “psychic motivation” towards material goods. Based on the Gramsci hegemony, the black man has no history, he must create it; more importantly, since, according to Baraka, “Negro Literature” can never emerge from black consciousness unless it separates itself from the pre-established conditions, the literature must create and define itself in the process of becoming.
This study focuses Arundhati Roy's The God of Small Things (TGST). Roy is an Indian writer and activist in women's studies. She published her novel in 1997. It is semi-autobiographical and a major part captures her childhood experiences in Aymanam. The plot of the novel taken place in Ayemenem, in Kerala, an Indian state. Kerala is small India, because it is like India for having a complex and multicultural society. In the novel, Indian situations and characters are models for postcolonial outlook. India is a country which was colonized by British Empire at the end of the sixteenth century. This land had important benefit for Britain. This colonization affected Indian society, culture, and literature. The present researcher tried to analyze some postcolonial concepts. The novel challenged static notions of identity, specifically the construction of postcolonial women too. Roy as a hybrid diasporic woman tried to relate to gender and caste among other social concerns. She tried to express her own experience in her own voice. She used the Western language against colonialism itself. It is a kind of resistance. The present researcher tried to discuss the notion of hybridity and postcolonial resistance in TGST. This notion can be seen in several cases in the novel. Hybridity is a significant issue in the novel. Postcolonial resistance is an important issue in the novel. When Roy uses English language which it is a colonial language, she does a kind of resistance against colonization itself. Roy refers to the children's life and language as a means of resistance.
The research examines two epics, one from the East and one from the West with regards to the question of woman and her images in early epic literature. The epics were selected from the literature. The epics were selected from the literature of two cultures, both of which, in different historical periods produced the most advanced civilizations of their time. The Persian epic, The Shahnameh (the book of Kings) was tooted in the ancient Indo-Iranian pagan as well as Zoroastrian traditions, an epic of approximately 60,000 couplets rewritten in the tenth century A. D. in the final, completed from which has reached us today. The Greek exemplar was the odyssey of Homer, epic with which Greek literature begins and widely influences not only the later periods of Greek literature but also the entire Western literature; this epic is also widely known in the East. Central to our study of The Shahnameh and Homeric epics were the themes of dynamism, the individuality of characters and their struggles in the epic world, the resourcefulness of the human mind ascribed to them, the subject of human crises, and irony, all of which are deep-seated components marking the central literary qualities of these epics. Women are indispensable in the early epics of both traditions and more often than not highly regarded by epic heroes in general and the narrators of the stories in particular. In both Eastern and Western example the structure split the female image in two opposite directions: one force is represented by exalted, praiseworthy, and positive images which also endow the women of The Shahnameh and the Homeric poems with powerful characteristics.
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