Interruptions are disruptive in that they can decrease accuracy and the time taken to complete a task. In fields such as aviation and medicine, interruptions can not only reduce performance but lead to egregious outcomes. In such situations, confidence in whether a procedure has been completed may become a crucial aspect of judging where to resume a task. This paper demonstrates that interruptions both decrease accuracy and reduce confidence. More importantly, interruptions change the relationship between accuracy and confidence, reducing the likelihood that participants can determine where to resume appropriately.
1). All hemispheres were imaged ex vivo on a 3T MRI scanner. An experienced observer manually outlined WMH on ex-vivo MRI. The white matter of each hemisphere was segmented into periventricular and deep white matter, and each segment was further divided into frontal, temporal, and parieto-occipital regions, using an automated approach. The total volume of WMH in each of the six white matter segments was measured for each hemisphere. Regional WMH burden was then defined as the square root of the regional WMH volume normalized by the height of the participant. Neuropathologic assessment was performed by a board-certified neuropathologist (Fig. 2). Multiple linear regression was used to investigate the link between regional WMH burden and age-related neuropathologies: amyloid plaques, PHF-tau tangles, Lewy bodies, TDP43, hippocampal sclerosis, gross and microscopic infarcts, atherosclerosis, arteriolosclerosis, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), controlling for age at death, sex, education, and postmortem interval to fixation. Results: Arteriolosclerosis was associated with WMH burden in most white matter segments: in parieto-occipital periventricular and in all deep white matter segments (p<0.05). Gross infarcts and atherosclerosis were associated with WMH burden in frontal periventricular and deep white matter (p<0.05). CAA was associated with WMH burden in parieto-occipital deep white matter (p<0.05). Tangles were associated with WMH burden in frontal periventricular and temporal deep white matter (p<0.05). Conclusions:The present study in a large community cohort provides robust evidence on regional variations in the relationship between WMH burden and age-related neuropathologies.
Characteristics
Background: Preeclampsia can increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) later in life. Also, increased intima-media thickness (IMT) of the carotid artery was introduced as an independent risk factor for CVDs. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the IMT of carotid and femoral arteries between women with early preeclampsia and normotensive pregnant and nulligravid women. Methods: In this study, which was conducted between May 2019 and January 2020, three groups of women were evaluated: early-onset preeclamptic pregnant women, normotensive pregnant women, and nulligravid women. The IMTs of the common femoral artery, superficial femoral artery, common carotid artery, carotid bulb, and internal carotid artery were measured using B-mode ultrasound. Results: A total of 100 women were enrolled in each group. The means ± SD of age in preeclamptic, normotensive and nulligravid women were 27.78 ± 3.23, 27.16 ± 3.09, and 27.11 ± 2.95, respectively. The mean gestational age of the two pregnant groups was nearly 32 weeks. Based on the results, the mean systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and arterial pressure were significantly higher in the preeclamptic group compared to the other groups (P < 0.001). The mean IMT of both sides of the common carotid artery, carotid bulb, internal carotid artery, common femoral artery, and superficial femoral artery was significantly higher in the preeclamptic group compared to normotensive pregnant and nulligravid women (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Preeclampsia was associated with the increased IMT of common and internal carotid arteries, as well as common and superficial femoral arteries. Therefore, IMT measurements in preeclamptic women can provide an opportunity to identify those who may benefit from early screening and preventive care to reduce the risk of CVDs in the future.
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