Tourism souvenirs hold strong symbolic value related to pleasurable travel experiences in people's lives. Using principal component analysis and ANOVA techniques, profiles of tourists were developed based on their souvenir buying and tourism styles. Four distinct and integrated patterns of behavior emerged related to tourists' preferences for travel activities, souvenir products, and shopping. Results provide support for hypotheses that souvenir buying and tourism styles are associated.
The purpose of this research is to identify constraining variables that may impinge on adopting energy-efficient practices, materials, equipment and technology in households. The intent is to uncover relationships of attitudes, beliefs, knowledge and other resource constraints to: (1) existing housing adaptations and adjustments for energy efficiency; and (2) more efficient use of energy in homes. A second objective is to identify existing practices used to reduce energy use and the adaptations made to the existing structure, materials, equipment and technology for energy efficiency as well as their intentions to make future adaptations. Constraint variables include knowledge of existing energyefficient practices and technology; economic constraints (household income, cost as a problem, financial need and existing energy costs); obstacles to making changes (lack of information, assistance, time, cooperation, trained persons and the condition of home); and demographic variables (age, education level and urban/rural). Attitude and belief constraints include measures of felt responsibility for energy use-related actions that impact the natural resources and environment, and measures of concern. These constraints may impinge on or contribute to making energy-efficient changes in residential households. Questionnaires were mailed to a random stratified sample of 800 households in Nebraska (US state) in April and May of 2008, resulting in a 29% return rate. The analysis indicates that the research produced information about constraining factors that impact the existing energy-efficiency levels of households. The use of energy-efficient equipment and technology, and behaviour practices that reduce energy use are related to those barriers. However, residential energy use and behaviour change result from a range of psychological and contextual influences on behaviour. Behaviour is often inconsistent with attitudes because of the presence of various constraining factors that preclude consistency with behaviour. Educational programmes have a challenging task if they are to alter attitudes and norms to overcome situational constraints. It may be more fruitful to educate and to remove the constraints impinging on those who already have a positive attitude about the need to increase energy efficiency for whatever reason. This paper is organized as follows: The first section focuses on the background and rationale, and includes literature examples related to the need to reduce fossil fuel use for energy and household energy consumption and predictors. The next two sections include the purpose and objectives, followed by the methodology. The fourth section addresses the analysis and demographics of the respondents. The fifth section summarizes the results and discusses the conclusions. Finally, the limitations of the study and the implications are discussed.
The purpose of this research was to explore and explain the role housing plays in rural community vitality. Community vitality refers to economic strength and social well‐being. In spring 2002 we collected primary interview data from informants in 134 small rural communities in nine north‐central states and identified related secondary data from the U.S. census. We developed a structural‐equation‐path model, which supported a “housing decision chain” that influenced community vitality. Based on this research, local housing decisions do play an important role in community vitality. Strong local leaders use housing planning to secure funding to produce a change in the quantity of housing, which in turn positively influences community vitality. Housing inventory also mediated the effects of total population and percentage population change on community vitality, indicating that housing supply is a fundamental ingredient in community growth strategies. These findings support the conclusion that a combination of housing plans and strategies orchestrated by skilled, committed leadership strengthens rural communities. Heretofore the ling between housing and community vitality has not been investigated; evidence‐based data has been missing from the debate on viable rural community‐development strategies.
The purpose of this research was to identify factors associated with local housing and service decisions that support aging adults in rural communities. These decisions represent de facto strategies that affect the quality of life of older residents and their ability to age in place.communities. Analyses were undertaken to identify the role of community characteristics in predicting the availability of a group of housing options and support services. Findings support the notion that the community context is important to the delivery of key housing and service needs. Population size, proportion of community residents 65 years and older, and housing planning processes promoted gains in housing and services.
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