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The relationship between personality attributes and transformational leadership and the effects of transformational leadership on subordinate satisfaction and performance were examined. High scores on transformational leadership were associated with a distinct personality pattern characterized by higher levels of pragmatism, nurturance, and feminine attributes and lower levels of criticalness and aggression. This enabling pattern formed the core of transformational leadership. Although leader scores on transformational leadership correlated significantly with subordinate satisfaction, no performance effects of transformational leadership were found for six different objective measures of performance. Implications for models of transformational leadership are discussed.

production, as demonstrated with mixtures of spring and winter cereals (Baron et al., 1992; Jedel and Salmon, Intercropping berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) with 1995). silage cereals may increase forage yield and quality. Berseem clover was intercropped with barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oat (Avena sativa The addition of Persian clover (Trifolium resupina-L.), or triticale (ϫTriticosecale rimpaui Wittm.) at 30, 60, 90, 120, tum L.) to barley-ryegrass mixtures in British Columbia and 240 cereal plants m Ϫ2 at Edmonton, Alberta, from 1998 to 2001. reduced fertilizer needs, improved midseason forage Cereals dominated Cut 1 (silage-stage) yield, and berseem clover yield, and improved forage nutritive value (Thompson dominated regrowth yield. As cereal density decreased from 240 to and Stout, 1997). The addition of pulse crops to cereals 60 plants m Ϫ2 , Cut 1 yield decreased from 10.5 to 9.3 Mg ha Ϫ1 dry has increased DM yields (Izaurralde et al., 1993), inmatter (DM), berseem clover percentage of Cut 1 increased from 5 creased protein production (Walton, 1975; Berkenkamp to 14%, and berseem clover regrowth yield (Cut 2) increased from and Meeres, 1987), or improved forage quality (Carr et 1.8 to 3.0 Mg ha Ϫ1 DM. Total season intercrop yields with barley or al., 1998). Increasing the use of annual legumes in cereal oat at 60 plants m Ϫ2 were Նyields with 240 plants m Ϫ2 . Total season cropping systems can improve sustainability through intercrop DM yields did not differ among the three cereal species in 3 of 4 yr. Triticale intercrops had advantages of greater Cut 1 yield biological N fixation, reduction of weed competition, and greater berseem clover percentage in Cut 1. Barley intercrops and increased soil organic matter (Izaurralde et al., 1993). had advantages of greater Cut 2 yield and greater total season protein Berseem clover has demonstrated intercropping poyield. Greater Cut 2 yield with barley intercrops was related to earlier tential in other environments, but its intercrop potential silage-stage (Cut 1) harvest date. Intercropping berseem clover with in the Parkland region of western Canada is unknown. reduced seeding rates of cereals improved Cut 1 forage quality. WhenBerseem clover is a high-yielding, nutritious, cool-seaberseem clover was 20% of Cut 1 yield, neutral detergent fiber was son forage crop thought to have originated in the Middle 25 to 45 g kg Ϫ1 less than with cereals alone. The crude protein of

est in extending the fall grazing period in Alberta, and the potential of intercropping winter cereals with spring Intercrops of berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) and cereals has been explored as a means to extend forage silage cereals offer potential for high quality forage and partitioning of yield between silage harvest and fall grazing. Forage yield and production ( Baron et al., 1992; Jedel and Salmon, 1995). quality of cereal-berseem clover intercrops may differ among oat Choice of cereal species affects the performance of (Avena sativa L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars and with intercrops grown for forage. Jedel and Helm (1993) semidwarf or early maturing cereal cultivars. Berseem clover was found that intercropping oat with pulse crops produced intercropped with five oat and four barley cultivars at Edmonton, greater DM yield than intercropping barley or triticale Alberta, in 2000 and 2001 on orthic black chernozem (Typic Cryobor-(ϫ Triticosecale rimpaui Wittm.) with pulse crops, but oll) soil. Forage yield, composition, and quality were measured with intercrops with barley or triticale gave a better combinaa two-cut harvest. Silage-stage yield (Cut 1) averaged 9.9 Mg ha Ϫ1 of tion of quality and protein content than intercrops with dry matter (DM) with 18% berseem clover by dry weight. Berseem oat. In a study of berseem clover intercropped with one clover regrowth (Cut 2) averaged 2.8 Mg ha Ϫ1 DM with crude protein cultivar each of oat, barley, or triticale, biomass yields, (CP) of 215 g kg Ϫ1 . Intercrops with oat cultivars had greater Cut 1 DM yield, and intercrops with barley had greater yields of Cut 2 DM and species composition, and forage quality were affected total CP. The earlier maturity of barley provided for longer periods by cereal species (Ross et al., 2004). Berseem clover of berseem clover regrowth. Intercrops with semidwarf barley had intercrops with triticale and oat had greater Cut 1 silageequal yields of total DM and CP and greater Cut 2 DM yield than stage yields and a greater percentage of berseem clover those with conventional-stature barley. Intercrops with early maturing in Cut 1 than intercrops with barley. However, inoat cultivars had equal total DM yield and greater yields of Cut tercrops with barley had greater yields of Cut 2 berseem 2 DM and total CP than those with late-maturing oat cultivars. Forage clover regrowth and total CP. quality indicators suggested that intercrops with barley were superior Cultivars of oat and barley have been studied to deterto those with oat. To maximize fall forage and increase the legume mine the effects of companion crop growth habit on the component of silage harvest, early maturing and shorter-stature culestablishment of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) (Brink and tivars of oat and barley are recommended for cereal-berseem clover intercrops.

The crop-weed competitive relationship in an agroecosystem is determined by climatic, soil, biological, Used as cover crops, clover species may differ in their ability to and cultural factors (Altieri and Liebman, 1988). The suppress weed growth. Field trials were conducted in Alberta, Canada characteristics of the Parkland and low Boreal regions to measure the growth of brown mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.], in mowed and nonmowed production, as influenced by alsike