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Ocular drug delivery is one of the most challenging endeavors among the various available drug delivery systems. Despite having suitable drugs for the treatment of ophthalmic disease, we have not yet succeeded in achieving a proper drug delivery approach with the least adverse effects. Nanotechnology offers great opportunities to overwhelm the restrictions of common ocular delivery systems, including low therapeutic effects and adverse effects because of invasive surgery or systemic exposure. The present review is dedicated to highlighting and updating the recent achievements of nano-based technologies for ocular disease diagnosis and treatment. While further effort remains, the progress illustrated here might pave the way to new and very useful ocular nanomedicines.

Breast cancer (BC) remains as one of the important causes of cancer deaths among women globally. Therefore, finding an effective treatment for BC is really needed. Cancer immunotherapy, as an emerging field, has a notable role in BC therapy. Peptide vaccines possess an outstanding role among different strategies in cancer immunotherapy. In vaccine design for cancer, induction of cellular and humoral immune responses should be considered. In the current study, cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) epitopes were evoked from human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2), mucin 1 protein (MUC1), and heparanase antigenic proteins; and helper T lymphocytes (HTL) epitopes were determined from survivin protein by various immunoinformatics servers. Furthermore, our vaccine peptide contains several linear and conformational B cell epitopes that can induce humoral immunity. In order to elicit broad cellular and humoral immune responses, Por B protein from Neisseria meningitides, which is one of the toll like receptor 2 (TLR2) agonists, was utilized as an adjuvant in the vaccine construct. The designed peptide vaccine contains the extracellular domain of murine ULBP-like transcript 1 (MULT1), which binds to a natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D) receptor with a high affinity and has a key role in triggering the innate immune response. All the mentioned segments were fused together by functional and structural amino acid linkers. Taken together, we project that our vaccine construct can potentially induce cellular, humoral, and innate immune responses in BC patients.

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Infectious diseases have caused historical pandemics in the world. Three strategies, including sanitation programs, antimicrobial drugs, and vaccines are considered for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. Today, some infectious diseases cause millions of mortalities universally. Due to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, as well as some limitations of traditional vaccines, focusing on novel strategies is essential. Multi-Epitope Vaccines (MEVs), as a novel strategy, have been designed based on immunoinformatics methods; epitope prediction by authentic servers, attachment of epitopes using proper linkers, physicochemical, immunological and structural evaluation by bioinformatics tools that are basic stages in MEVs designing. Advantages such as cost-effective, high safety, less time consumption in designing, the application of natural adjuvants, and satisfactory preclinical evaluation outstand MEVs than other types of vaccines. Therefore, MEVs are promising vaccines against resistant diseases such as lower respiratory infection and diarrhea.

Shigella spp. causes severe diarrhea and dysenteric disease, which known as shigellosis. Until now, no licensed vaccine is available for shigellosis; therefore, development of a novel strategy to produce an effective vaccine is urgently needed. Shigella invasion plasmid antigens (Ipas) such as, Ipa B and Ipa D are conserved, cross-reactive and highly immunogenic antigens among Shigella spp. Outer membrane protein (Omp) A family of Shigella spp. incites effective immune; therefore, Ipa B, Ipa D and Omp A are superb candidate antigens for designing a cross-protective vaccine against Shigella. In this study, different immunoinformatics approaches were used to design a novel multi-epitope peptide vaccine against Shigella spp. CD4 + T cell immune response has an essential role in eradication of shigellosis; in this regard, Ipa B, Ipa D and Omp A were analyzed to identify Helper T cell lymphocytes (HTL) epitopes by various immunoinformatics servers. D0 and D1 flagellin domains of salmonella enteric were used as Toll like receptor 5 (TLR5) agonist which plays a role as mucosal adjuvant. All mentioned segments were fused together by proper amino acid linkers. Linear and conformational B cell epitopes were also determined in vaccine construct. Totally, we believe that the designed vaccine candidate is able to induce cellular and humoral as well as mucosal secretory IgA (sIgA) immunity against shigellosis.

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