Designing a Novel Multi-epitope Peptide Vaccine Against Pathogenic Shigella spp. Based Immunoinformatics Approaches

Abstract

Shigella spp. causes severe diarrhea and dysenteric disease, which known as shigellosis. Until now, no licensed vaccine is available for shigellosis; therefore, development of a novel strategy to produce an effective vaccine is urgently needed. Shigella invasion plasmid antigens (Ipas) such as, Ipa B and Ipa D are conserved, cross-reactive and highly immunogenic antigens among Shigella spp. Outer membrane protein (Omp) A family of Shigella spp. incites effective immune; therefore, Ipa B, Ipa D and Omp A are superb candidate antigens for designing a cross-protective vaccine against Shigella. In this study, different immunoinformatics approaches were used to design a novel multi-epitope peptide vaccine against Shigella spp. CD4 + T cell immune response has an essential role in eradication of shigellosis; in this regard, Ipa B, Ipa D and Omp A were analyzed to identify Helper T cell lymphocytes (HTL) epitopes by various immunoinformatics servers. D0 and D1 flagellin domains of salmonella enteric were used as Toll like receptor 5 (TLR5) agonist which plays a role as mucosal adjuvant. All mentioned segments were fused together by proper amino acid linkers. Linear and conformational B cell epitopes were also determined in vaccine construct. Totally, we believe that the designed vaccine candidate is able to induce cellular and humoral as well as mucosal secretory IgA (sIgA) immunity against shigellosis.

Novel Chimeric Multiepitope Vaccine for Streptococcosis Disease in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linn.)

“…45F2 and 42E2 presented the most favored region of protein folding, with the stereochemical quality representing the disallowed region at only 0.7%, which is acceptable since the minimum quality should be less than 2% 32 . It is suggested that in silico analysis could design a chimeric multiepitope vaccine that could probably manifest effective properties 33,34 .…”

“…Meanwhile, mixed-serotype vaccines (serotypes IV and VII) could promote antiserum levels and enhance the survival rate of newborn pups against streptococcal infection 40 . Although formalin-killed vaccines generally provide highly protective effects compared with those of subunit vaccines and DNA vaccines, the subunit and DNA vaccines may replace the original formalin-killed vaccines or inactivated vaccines due to their promising efficacy, which are similar to those of inactivated vaccines, and longer shelf life 18,33 . Evidence suggests that DNA and subunit vaccines can efficiently trigger the immune system and promote protective efficacy, with an RPS value greater than 50% 11,13,14,17 .…”

Designing a Multi-Epitope Antigen for Serodiagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis Based on L3Nie.01 and IgG Immunoreactive Epitopes

“…The absence of the linkers between the epitopes leads to the production of connected epitopes (neo-epitopes) and disturbance of protein function 75 . Farhani et al utilized EAAAK as a rigid linker for binding HTL epitopes in their construct and designed a stable multi-epitope vaccine against pathogenic Shigella spp 76 . Furthermore, Vakili et al used EAAAK peptide linker for binding multi-epitope construct of Leishmania infantum antigens to peptide adjuvant in N- and C- terminals which results in making a stable structure 74 .…”

Designing of a Novel Fusion Protein Vaccine Candidate Against Human Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) Using Immunoinformatics and Structural Approaches

“…Advanced tools based on bioinformatics and immunoinformatic methods are used to develop and design a vaccine that reduces the negative aspects of empirical methods, including preventing predictable ethical aspects of laboratory works and expensive experimental studies and being time consuming. In order to control VL, it is essential to stimulate both humoral and particularly cellular immune responses (Poland and Oberg 2010 ; Ghorbani and Farhoudi 2018 ; Farhani et al 2019 ; Ahmadi et al 2020 ; Ikeogu, Akaluka et al 2020 ; Mahboobi, Sedighian et al 2020 ; Oli, Obialor et al 2020 ). The humoral immune response, providing antibodies, is an essential part of the design of vaccines.…”