Objective Klebsiella pneumoniae is a gram-negative pathogen common cause of nosocomial infections. Colistin is a last resort antibiotic to treat infections caused by K. pneumoniae. In recent years, the resistance rate to colistin has increased in K. pneumoniae. This study evaluated the prevalence of colistin resistance of K. pneumoniae isolates in Iran using a systematic review and meta-analysis. Method A systematic search was performed for relevant articles until August 2021 in the following database: PubMed, Scopus, SID and Google Scholar. The pooled prevalence of colistin resistance in clinical K. pneumoniae isolates analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Software (CMA). Results Finally, 19 articles with appropriate criteria were included in the meta-analysis. Our results showed 6.9% of the pooled prevalence of colistin resistance in clinical K. pneumoniae isolates in Iran. The results of subgroup analysis demonstrated increase resistance of colistin from 4.8%; (95% CI 1.5–13.9%) in 2013–2018 to 8.2%; (95% CI 3.4–18.6%), in 2019–2021. Also, the results of our study showed a strong association between the carbapenem producing K. pneumoniae and increased resistance to colistin. Conclusions This study showed a high prevalence of colistin resistance in K. pneumoniae isolates. It is recommended that regular evaluation be performed to control colistin resistance.

Background Antimicrobial resistance of Helicobacter pylori can result in eradication failure. Metadata on the antimicrobial resistance of H pylori in Iran could help to formulate H pylori eradication strategies in Iran. Methods A systematic review was performed after searching in MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. A meta‐analysis was performed, and a comparison of the rates between children and adults; time periods (1999‐2010, 2011‐2016, 2017‐2019); and the methods used was carried out. Results A total of 66 studies investigating 5936 H pylori isolates were analyzed. The weighted pooled resistance (WPR) rates were as follows: clarithromycin 21% (95% CI 16‐26), metronidazole 62% (95% 57‐67), clarithromycin in combination with metronidazole 16% (95% CI 10‐23), ciprofloxacin 24% (95% CI 15‐33), levofloxacin 18% (95% CI 9‐30), erythromycin 29% (95% CI 12‐50), furazolidone 13% (95% CI 4‐27), tetracycline 8% (95% CI 5‐13), and amoxicillin 15% (95% CI 9‐22). During the three time periods, there was an increased resistance to amoxicillin, clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, furazolidone, and tetracycline (P ˂ .05). Furazolidone and a clarithromycin/metronidazole combination had the higher resistance rates in children (P ˂ .05). Conclusion An increasing rate of resistance to amoxicillin, clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, furazolidone, and tetracycline in Iranian H pylori isolates was identified. In children, the resistance to furazolidone and a combination of clarithromycin and metronidazole is higher compared to adults. As a stable, high resistance to metronidazole was found in children and adults in all Iranian provinces, we suggest that metronidazole should not be included in the Iranian H pylori eradication scheme.

Biofilm producer bacteria cause nosocomial, chronic, and recurrent human infections. It is hard to treat biofilm-embedded bacteria because they are more resistant to antimicrobials than planktonic bacteria. The present study aimed to investigate different methods for detecting biofilms in the clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

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