Purpose:To investigate the utility of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values for discriminating tumor in patients with prostate cancer from normal prostatic tissues in healthy adult men, and to identify correlations between ADC and histologic grade of prostate cancer. Materials and Methods:A total of 125 healthy male volunteers (mean age, 60 years; range, 50 -86 years) and 90 prostate cancer patients (mean age, 71 years; range, 51-88 years) underwent diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) of the prostate with a single-shot echo-planar imaging sequence using b-factors of 0 and 800 sec/mm 2 . ADC was measured from two locations in the peripheral zone (PZ) and two locations in the central gland (CG) in normal subjects, and tumor locations of PZ or transition zone (TZ) in patients with prostate cancer. Results:Mean ADC values of tumor regions in both PZ (1.02 Ϯ 0.25 ϫ 10 Ϫ3 mm 2 /sec) and TZ (0.94 Ϯ 0.21 ϫ 10 Ϫ3 mm 2 /sec) were significantly lower than those in the corresponding normal regions (1.80 Ϯ 0.27 ϫ 10 Ϫ3 mm 2 /sec and 1.34 Ϯ 0.14 ϫ 10 Ϫ3 mm 2 /sec, respectively) (P Ͻ 0.0001 each). Furthermore, a significant negative correlation was identified between ADC in PZ cancer and tumor Gleason score ( ϭ Ϫ0.497, P Ͻ 0.0001). Conclusion:ADC values appear to provide acceptable diagnostic accuracy in both PZ and TZ.
Background Application of 18 F‐sodium fluoride ( 18 F‐NaF) positron emission tomography ( PET ) to coronary artery disease has attracted interest. We investigated the utility of 18 F‐NaF uptake for predicting coronary events and evaluated the combined use of coronary computed tomography (CT) angiography ( CCTA ) and 18 F‐NaF PET /CT in coronary artery disease risk assessment. Methods and Results This study included patients with ≥1 coronary atherosclerotic lesion detected on CCTA who underwent 18 F‐NaF PET / CT . High‐risk plaque on CCTA was defined as plaque with low density (<30 Hounsfield units) and high remodeling index (>1.1). Focal 18 F‐NaF uptake in each lesion was quantified using the maximum tissue:background ratio ( TBR max ), and maximum TBR max per patient (M‐ TBR max ) was determined. Thirty‐two patients having a total of 112 analyzed lesions were followed for 2 years after 18 F‐NaF PET / CT scan, and 11 experienced coronary events (acute coronary syndrome and/or late coronary revascularization [after 3 months]). Patients with coronary events had higher M‐ TBR max than those without (1.39±0.18 versus 1.19±0.17, respectively; P =0.0034). The optimal M‐ TBR max cutoff to predict coronary events was 1.28 (area under curve: 0.79). Patients with M‐ TBR max ≥1.28 had a higher risk of earlier coronary events than those with lower M‐ TBR max ( P =0.0062 by log‐rank test). In patient‐based (n=41) and lesion‐based (n=143) analyses of CCTA findings that predicted higher coronary 18 F‐NaF uptake, the presence of high‐risk plaque was a significant predictor of both M‐ TBR max ≥1.28 and TBR max ≥1.28. Conclusions 18 F‐NaF PET / CT has the potential to detect high‐risk coronary artery disease and individual coronary lesions and to predict future coronary events when combined with CCTA . Clinical Trial Registration URL : http://www.umin....
Purpose:To identify age-related changes and differences in the diffusion of water molecules within the prostate, through diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) of the prostate gland in healthy adult Japanese men. Materials and Methods:A total of 114 healthy male volunteers (mean age, 55 years; range, 24 -81 years) underwent DWI of the prostate with a single-shot echo-planar imaging (EPI) sequence using b-factors of 0 and 1000 seconds/mm 2 . Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of six locations in the peripheral zone (PZ) and two locations in the central gland (CG) were measured and correlations between region and age were examined.Results: ADC values measured within both PZ and CG regions of the prostate showed a uniform distribution, and no significant differences were found between evaluated regions. However, mean ADC values were 1.64 Ϯ 0.27 ϫ10 -3 mm 2 /second for PZ and 1.26 Ϯ 0.12 ϫ10 -3 mm 2 / second for CG, representing a significant difference. In addition, significant positive correlations were identified between ADC values for both PZ and CG regions and subject age (r ϭ 0.526, P Ͻ 0.0001; r ϭ 0.190, P ϭ 0.0431, respectively). Conclusion: ADC values within both PZ and CG regions of the prostate increase with age, and this must be taken into consideration when using DWI in the diagnosis of prostate cancer.
This article contains the data showing illustrative examples of plaque classification on coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) and measurement of 18F-sodium fluoride (18F-NaF) uptake in coronary atherosclerotic lesions on positron emission tomography (PET). We divided the lesions into one of three plaque types on CCTA (calcified plaque, non-calcified plaque, partially calcified plaque). Focal 18F-NaF uptake of each lesion was quantified using maximum tissue-to-background ratio. This article also provides a representative case with a non-calcified coronary plaque detected on CCTA and identified on 18F-NaF PET/non-contrast computed tomography based on a location of a vessel branch as a landmark. These complement the data reported by Kitagawa et al. (2017) [1].
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