Zinc oxide elements have been developed, which contain praseodymium oxide rather than bismuth oxide as a principal additive component. These elements have been used to produce gapless surge arresters with rated voltages up to 360kV. The 2-phase microstructure of these elements increases the active area of grain boundaries which is the origin of non-linearity in V-I relation.Consequently the effective area of the electrodes is increased resulting in a higher apparent dielectric constant of the element by a factor of 1.5 and higher capability for short wave front discharge withstand. The absorption capability for long duration discharge was improved by obtaining higher resistance at the peripheral of the element than at the inner area.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.