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In this study, we analyzed the crystallinity of c-axis aligned crystalline In–Ga–Zn oxide (CAAC-IGZO) and single crystalline (sc) IGZO films. CAAC-IGZO films were formed on (111)-oriented yttria-stabilized-zirconia substrates by magnetron sputtering using a target. Sc-IGZO films were obtained by annealing CAAC-IGZO films at 1200 °C. The proportion of Zn in the composition changed during growth of the films, and as a result, sc-InGaO3(ZnO)3 films were obtained. By using CAAC-IGZO films as the starting material, sc-IGZO films were formed even without a ZnO layer. This is presumably because the CAAC-IGZO film originally exhibits c-axis orientation. In addition, the characteristics of transistors fabricated using sc-IGZO and CAAC-IGZO films were compared, and no significant difference in current drivability, i.e., field-effect mobility, was observed between the different transistors. In this sense, CAAC-IGZO films that require no high temperature annealing are favorable for industrialization.

A channel length of a c-axis aligned crystal indium gallium zinc oxide (CAAC-IGZO) transistor having low off-state current at a yA/µm level was decreased to 100 nm, and the electrical characteristics and short-channel effect of the CAAC-IGZO transistor were researched. As a result, we found that, in the CAAC-IGZO transistor with L = 100 nm, even with a gate insulator film having an equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) = 11 nm, an extremely small off-state current of 380 yA/µm at 85 °C is maintained, in addition channel length dependence of the electrical characteristics is hardly seen. Favorable values of characteristics of the CAAC-IGZO transistor can be obtained, such as subthreshold slope (SS) = 77 mV/dec, drain induced barrier lowering (DIBL) = 73 mV/V, threshold voltage (V th) = 0.65 V, and on-state current (I on) = 65 µA/µm. These results suggest the possibility that the CAAC-IGZO transistor can be applied to an LSI in a deep submicron region.

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Amorphous ceramics with the composition of Bi2Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3O y were prepared by rapid quenching. The change in crystalline structure during annealing and the effect of the “seeding” with the high-T c phase were investigated. The volume fraction of the high-T c phase increases with annealing time; however, the low-T c phase reaches a maximum value of 38% for 1 h annealing and decreases on prolonged annealing. The formation rate of the high-T c phase changes when the volume of the high-T c phase reaches about 30%. TEM observation shows that the high-T c phase is often located between the low-T c phase and the nonsuperconducting phase. The addition of the seed crystals with the high-T c phase is effective in forming the high-T c phase in shorter annealing times, but a smaller volume fraction of the high-T c phase was obtained after annealing for 50 h.

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The photoabsorption spectra of HSCl are predicted on the basis of a single one-variable model. Potential curves for the six lowest-lying electronic states and transition moment functions were evaluated at a high level of correlation treatment (CASSCF/MRCI/cc-pVQZ). Similarly to HOCl, it is predicted that the presence of HSCl in the stratosphere, besides coupling the chemistry of sulfur and chlorine, might also have an important role in the ozone depletion cycle.

Hepatic fibrosis was induced in rats by repeated i.p. injections of pig serum. The hepatic hydroxyproline content increased to 2.1 times the normal control level at 6 weeks and to 3.2 times at 10 weeks. When P-1894B, an inhibitor of prolyl hydroxylase, was administered, there was a dose-dependent inhibition of the increase to nearly normal control levels at 6 and 10 weeks. There was also by histology a dose-dependent reduction in the degree of hepatic fibrosis. Hepatocellular damage was minimal and its extent did not vary with the degree of fibrosis or the treatment. P-1894B dose dependently reduced the hydroxylation of peptidyl proline in the fibrotic liver. These data suggest that P-1894B inhibited hepatic fibrogenesis by direct action on collagen but not by protection against hepatocellular damage leading to collagen formation. A prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor may be a candidate for use in treatment of hepatic fibrosis.