Two (2?3 %) of 87 wild-caught boars in Japan had detectable hepatitis E virus (HEV) RNA. The two boar HEV isolates (wbJTS1 and wbJYG1) obtained in the present study and a previously reported isolate (wbJSG1) whose partial sequence had been determined were sequenced over the entire genome. The wbJSG1, wbJTS1 and wbJYG1 isolates comprised 7225 or 7226 nt, excluding the poly(A) tail, and segregated into genotype 3. They differed by 8?5-11?2 % from each other and by 8?6-18?4 % from 17 reported genotype 3 HEV isolates, including one boar isolate, in the full-length sequence. When compared with 191 reported genotype 3 HEV isolates whose partial sequences were known, these three boar isolates were closer to Japanese isolates than to isolates of non-Japanese origin (89?2±2?6 vs 85?9±2?2 %; P<0?0001). A proportion of wild boars in Japan are infected with markedly heterogeneous HEV strains that are indigenous to Japan and may serve as reservoirs of HEV.Hepatitis E virus (HEV), the causative agent of hepatitis E, is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus without an envelope (Purcell & Emerson, 2001). The genome of HEV is approximately 7?2 kb in size and contains three open reading frames (ORF1-3) (Tam et al., 1991). Extensive genomic diversity has been noted among HEV isolates and HEV sequences have tentatively been classified into four genotypes (genotypes 1-4) (Schlauder & Mushahwar, 2001). The main mode of transmission of HEV in developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America is the faecaloral, water-borne route; large-scale outbreaks via drinking water that was contaminated with faeces containing HEV have been reported. However, in industrialized countries, including Japan, where the water supply and sewage water are treated and disinfected at water-treatment plants, the likelihood of water-borne infection is very low. Recent studies have documented that HEV-associated hepatitis occurs among individuals in industrialized countries with no history of travel to endemic countries (Harrison, 1999;Purcell & Emerson, 2001;Schlauder & Mushahwar, 2001;Smith, 2001) and that HEV is a zoonotic virus (Erker et al., 1999; Hsieh et al., 1999; Meng et al., 1997 Meng et al., , 1998Pina et al., 2000;Wu et al., 2002). It has recently been suggested that zoonotic food-borne transmission of HEV from domestic pigs, wild boars and wild deer to humans plays an important role in the occurrence of cryptic hepatitis E in Japan, where Japanese people have distinctive habits of eating raw fish (sushi or sashimi) and, less frequently, uncooked or undercooked meat (including the liver and colon/intestine of animals) (Matsuda et al., 2003; Tamada et al., 2004;Tei et al., 2003;Yazaki et al., 2003). The Meng isolate was the first strain of HEV isolated from an animal, namely from an infected pig in the USA in 1997 (Meng et al., 1997). Since then, many swine HEV isolates, which are genetically closely related to strains of human HEV, have been identified in many countries worldwide (Garkavenko et al., 2001; Hsieh et al., 1999;Huang et al...
It was noteworthy that the benefits of coffee consumption, even if > or = 1 cup/day, on serum hsCRP levels were confirmed in Japanese women, following similarly to other ethnic data.
The oxidative formation of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in DNA is closely associated with the induction of degenerative diseases, including cancer. However, the oxidant species participating in the formation of 8-OHdG has yet to be fully clarified. On the basis that peroxyl radicals are a strong candidate for this species, we employed 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) (AAPH) as a peroxyl radical generator. Exposure of calf thymus DNA to AAPH formed 8-OHdG, but the exposure of 2'-deoxyguanosine (dG) alone did not. From the exposure of various combinations of nucleotides, 8-OHdG was formed only in the presence of dG and thymidine (dT). A mix of dG with an oxidation product of dT, 5-(hydroperoxymethyl)-2'-deoxyuridine, produced 8-OHdG, but the amount formed was small. In contrast, 8-OHdG was produced abundantly by the addition of dG to peroxidized dT with AAPH. Thus, the formation of 8-OHdG was mediated by the peroxidized dT. Instead of artificial AAPH, endogenous peroxyl radicals are known to be lipid peroxides, which are probably the oxidant species for 8-OHdG formation mediated by thymidine in vivo.
BackgroundThe clock molecule plays major roles in circadian rhythmicity and regulating lipid and glucose metabolism in peripheral organs. Disruption of the circadian rhythm can lead to cardiometabolic disorders. The existence of small dense low-density lipoprotein (sdLDL) in the circulation, an abnormality of lipid metabolism, in part associated with lifestyle, is also one of risk parameters for cardiometabolic disorders. The 3111 T/C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the Clock gene has been reported to be associated with lifestyle including morning/evening preference. We investigated whether the Clock 3111 T/C SNP may affect lipids and lipoproteins including sdLDL.MethodsIn 365 community-dwelling subjects (170 men and 195 women, mean age 63 ± 14 years), the 3111 T/C SNP was genotyped using a fluorescent allele-specific DNA primer assay system. The levels of sdLDL were measured with the electrophoretic separation of lipoproteins employing the Lipoprint system.ResultsThe frequency of the Clock 3111 C allele was 0.14. The area of sdLDL did not differ between the subjects with obesity and those without. In carriers of T/T homozygotes, the area of sdLDL was significantly higher compared with carriers of the C allele (T/C or C/C) (1.7 ± 3.4 vs. 0.8 ± 1.9%; p < 0.05). A multiple regression analysis showed that the area of sdLDL was significantly and negatively correlated with the Clock 3111 T/C SNP (β = -0.114, p < 0.05), independently of age, sex, body mass index, and exercise habits.ConclusionOur findings indicated that the Clock 3111 T/C SNP might be associated with the existence of sdLDL.
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