Using inelastic neutron scattering technique, we measured the spin wave dispersion over the entire Brillouin zone of room temperature multiferroic BiFeO 3 single crystals with magnetic excitations extending to as high as 72.5 meV. The full spin waves can be explained by a simple Heisenberg Hamiltonian with a nearest neighbor exchange interaction (J=4.38 meV), a next nearest neighbor exchange interaction (J'=0.15 meV), and a Dzyaloshinskii-Moriyalike term (D=0.107 meV). This simple Hamiltonian determined, for the first time, for BiFeO 3 provides a fundamental ingredient for understanding of the novel magnetic properties of BiFeO 3 .

Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier, NCT02098330; Trial title, The Efficacy of Steroid Therapy in Vestibular Neuritis.

Summary Inactivation of selected neurons in vivo can define their contribution to specific developmental outcomes, circuit functions, and behaviors. Here, we show that the optogenetic tool KillerRed selectively, rapidly, and permanently inactivates different classes of neurons in C. elegans in response to a single light stimulus, through generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Ablation scales from individual neurons in single animals to multiple neurons in populations, and can be applied to freely behaving animals. Using spatially restricted illumination, we demonstrate that localized KillerRed activation in either the cell body or the axon triggers neuronal degeneration and death of the targeted cell. Finally, targeting KillerRed to mitochondria results in organelle fragmentation without killing the cell, in contrast to cell death observed when KillerRed is targeted to the plasma membrane. We expect this genetic tool to have wide-ranging applications in studies of circuit function, as well as of sub-cellular responses to ROS.