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A B S T R A C TA total of 120 random samples of fully and half cooked chicken meat products (60 of each) were collected from different supermarkets at El-Dakahlyia , El-Kalyobia and El-Gharbia governorates for isolation of Salmonellae and detection of their antimicrobial sensitivity. The obtained results indicated that Salmonellae were isolated from the examined samples of chicken nuggets , chicken hot wings, chicken shawerma (half cooked), chicken luncheon ,chicken frankfurter and chicken shawerma (fully cooked) with percentages of 25%, 25%, 30%, 0%, 15% and 35%, respectively. Moreover, the isolated Salmonellae could be serologically identified as S. typhimurium, S. anatum, S. enteritidis, S. kentucky, S. muenster and S. virchow. Moreover, Salmonellae appeared resistant to Nalidixic acid (100%). In contrast, Gentamycin had the basic effect on viability of Salmonellae followed by Kanamycin and Norfloxacin.

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) was grown using a foliar spray with whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) as opposed to normal nitrate fertilization. Lettuce juice was prepared from lettuce cultivated without any fertilization, nitrate fertilization, or WPH. Sixty weaned, 4-week-old male V-line rabbits with an average 455 ± 6 g body weight were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 15) and administered different lettuce juices. Rabbits administered WPH-fertilized lettuce showed significantly higher (n = 5, p < 0.05) body weight and carcass weight than those receiving nitrate-fertilized lettuce. Rabbits administered nitrate-fertilized lettuce were associated with significantly (p < 0.05) higher levels of liver enzyme activities (AST, ALT, and ALP), bilirubin (total, direct, and indirect), and kidney biomarkers (creatinine, urea, and uric acid). Rabbits administered WPH-fertilized lettuce avoided such increases and exhibited normal levels of serum proteins. Rabbits administered nitrate-fertilized lettuce manifested significantly (p < 0.05) lower RBCs and Hb levels than that of the other groups, while those receiving WPH-fertilized lettuce showed the highest levels. Liver and kidney sections of rabbits receiving WPH-fertilized lettuce witnessed the absence of the histopathological changes induced by feeding on nitrate-fertilized lettuce and produced higher quality meat. WPH-lettuce can substitute nitrate-fertilized lettuce in feeding rabbits for better performance and health aspects.

A B S T R A C TA total of 60 random samples of half cooked chicken meat products (chicken nuggets, chicken hot wings and frozen chicken shawerma) were collected from different supermarkets at El-Dakahlyia, El-Kalyobia and El-Gharbia governorates for bacteriological examination. The obtained results indicated that there is a high significance difference (P<0.01) between examined samples of chicken meat products for APC, total staphylococci count and total enterococci count as a result of product type. E.coli was isolated from 25%, 5% and 10% of examined samples of chicken nuggets, chicken hot wings and frozen chicken shawerma, respectively.

The primary goals of this cross-sectional study were to screen various food/water, and human samples for the presence of Salmonella species, and to assess the phenotypic and genetic relationship between resistances found in food and human Salmonella isolates to critically important antibiotics. Between November 2019 and May 2021, 501 samples were randomly collected for Salmonella isolation and identification using standard culturing methods, biochemical, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and PCR techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on confirmed Salmonella species, and PCR was used to investigate the genetic components that confer these resistance traits. Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica was confirmed in 35 (6.99%) of the samples (raw food = 23, ready-to-eat food/drink [REF/D] = 5, human = 7). Seventeen of them were antibioticresistant to at least one class, and eight were multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates (raw food = 7, human = 1). All Salmonella isolates were susceptible to carbapenems, thirdand fourth-generation cephalosporins and monobactam antibiotics. Resistance phenotypes to aminoglycosides (48.57%), β-lactams (20%) and tetracycline (17.14%), as well as associated genes such as aadA, bla TEM , bla Z and tetA, as well as dfrA and sul1, were prevalent in Salmonella isolates. Colistin resistance genotype (mcr1) was detected in three (8.57%) isolates recovered from egg, cattle mince and rabbit meat, and the total incidence was 14.29% when two isolates exhibited resistance phenotypes were considered. Furthermore, four (11.43%) MDR isolates shared the bla TEM and bla Z genes, and one (2.86%) isolate contained three extended spectrum β-lactams producing genes (ESBL), namely bla CTX , bla TEM and bla Z . The gyrA gene was expressed by one of three foodborne Salmonella isolates (8.57%) with ciprofloxacin resistance phenotypes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report from Egypt identifying colistin resistance in Salmonella enterica recovered from cattle minced meat and rabbit meat. Overall, the highest incidence rate of Salmonella enterica was found in cattle-derived products, and it was slightly more prevalent in RTE/D foods than in raw foods. Resistance to critical and clinically important antibiotics, particularly in Salmonella from RTE/D food,

Background and Aim: The majority of animal-derived food safety studies have focused on foodborne zoonotic agents; however, members of the opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae (Ops) family are increasingly implicated in foodborne and public health crises due to their robust evolution of acquiring antimicrobial resistance and biofilms, consequently require thorough characterization, particularly in the Egyptian food sector. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the distribution and prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae family members in animal-derived foods, as well as their resistance to important antimicrobials and biofilm-forming potential. Materials and Methods: A total of 274 beef, rabbit meat, chicken meat, egg, butter, and milk samples were investigated for the presence of Enterobacteriaceae. All isolated strains were first recognized using traditional microbiological techniques. Following that, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry was used to validate the Enterobacteriaceae's identity. The isolated enterobacteria strains were tested on disk diffusion and crystal violet quantitative microtiter plates to determine their antibiotic resistance and capacity to form biofilms. Results: There have been thirty isolates of Enterobacteriaceae from seven different species and four genera. Out of the three food types, Pseudomonas aeruginosa had the highest prevalence rate (4.1%). With three species, Enterobacter genera had the second-highest prevalence (3.28%) across five different food categories. In four different food types, the Klebsiella genera had the second-highest distribution and third-highest incidence (2.55%). Almost all isolates, except three Proteus mirabilis, showed prominent levels of resistance, particularly to beta-lactam antibiotics. Except for two Enterobacter cloacae and three P. mirabilis isolates, all isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR) or extensively multidrug-resistant (XDR). The multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) of the majority of isolates dropped between 0.273 and 0.727. The highest MARI was conferred by Klebsiella pneumoniae, at 0.727. Overall, 83.33% of the isolates had strong biofilm capacity, while only 16.67% exhibited moderate capacity. Conclusion: The MDR, XDR, and strong biofilm indicators confirmed in 83.33% of the currently tested Enterobacteriaceae from animal-derived foods suggest that, if not addressed, there may be rising risks to Egypt's economy and public health.

A total of 120 samples of fish and shellfish samples represented by Oreochromis niloticus, Mullus surmuletus, silver carp, shrimp, crab and oyster (20 of each) were collected from different markets at different localities in Qalubiya Governorate, Egypt. The collected samples were examined for their levels of mercury, lead, and cadmium by atomic spectrophotometer. The obtained results revealed that O. niloticus was the highest contaminated within fish samples with mean values of 1.91, 1.05, and 0.37 mg/kg; while oyster was the highest within shellfish samples with mean values of 1.53, 0.84, and 0.29 mg/kg for mercury, lead, and cadmium, respectively. Advanced experimental work was conducted aimed to assess the degradation effect of one of Lactobacillus rhamnosus (10 7 CFU/ml) on lead and cadmium levels in experimentally inoculated fish fillet along of 24 hours. Results revealed promising rapid reductions in lead and cadmium levels within 24 hrs of interaction with L. rhamnosus, where lead and cadmium were reduced by 84.3 and 72.0%, respectively. Accordingly, regular investigation of heavy metals levels in aquatic environment and creatures is recommended, with strictly recommendation to safe disposal of factory wastes. Furthermore, L. rhamnosus showed promising diminishing technique to decrease heavy metal accumulation in fish tissues, where advanced research on its effect on the aquatic environment is recommended.

This study was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial effect of some probiotic strains (Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus dulbrueckii, and Bifidobacterium lactis) against psychrotrophic bacteria; which gave a promising biopreservation technique against Psychrotrophs, Pseudomonas and Aeromonas growth in chilled minced beef meat during refrigerated storage at 4 O C for 10 days. The meat samples were divided into 4 groups (100 g. each), (A), (B) and (C) were inoculated with Lactobacillius casei, Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Bifidobacterium lactis and finally control one. Results showed a great reduction in Psychrotrophic, Pseudomonas and Aeromonas counts and reduction percent to be after 10 th day of experiment (5.63x10 4 CFU\g (99.9%), 2.30x10 4 CFU\g (99.7%), and 2.57x10 3 CFU\g (99.7%)) in group A; (4.00x10 4 CFU\g (99.9%), 1.20x10 4 CFU\g (99.9%), and 1.60x10 3 CFU\g (99.8%)) in group B, and (1.40x10 4 CFU\g (99.9%), 7.20x10 3 CFU\g (99.2%), and 6.40x10 2 CFU\g (99.9%)) in group C, respectively; from this results Lactobacillus dulbrueckii showed the most antimicrobial effects within groups. Using of probiotics as biopreservatives in chilled minced beef meat are of promising trend for its health benefits and antibacterial effects especially on Psychrotrophes.