Propofol impairs either oxygen utilization or inhibits electron flow along the mitochondrial electron transport chain in the guinea pig cardiomyocyte. Propofol also significantly decreases ventricular performance in the isolated perfused heart. These effects are linearly correlated with propofol concentration in the range studied.
The characteristics of emissive probes in unmagnetized high pressure ͑р1 Torr͒ argon and helium plasmas, produced by inductively coupled 13.56 MHz rf power, are studied. A procedure is given for interpreting emissive probe current-voltage ͑I -V͒ characteristics. The I -V curves indicate the amplitude of the rf fluctuation of the plasma potential. They also show ionization near the emissive probe when the potential drop between the emissive probe and the plasma potential is more than the ionization potential. Experiments show that when the temperature of the emissive probe wire and/or the neutral pressure is increased, ionization becomes significant. An increase in the local ion density due to the additional ionization was demonstrated by the I -V curves of an emissive probe and a nearby Langmuir probe. A simple procedure is presented for interpreting these results.
High bandwidth capacitive probes are useful tools for potentials measurements in the tokamak scrape off layer. An improved capacitive divider probe design with very high frequency bandwidth is shown. The gain of this system is between 0 and -8 dB for frequencies from 0.1 I-12: to more than 100 MHz, with the -3 dB point at approximately 40 MHz. The probe structure, circuits, performance, and experimental results from the Phaedrus-T tokamak ar,e given.
The Omegatron mass spectrometer, originally developed for measuring atomic constants, was employed for measuring both positive ions and negative ions in high density, electron cyclotron resonance etching plasmas. The main disadvantages of the conventional design of the Omegatron include the observation of resonance frequency shifts and poor mass resolution in a relatively weak magnetic field. Based on 2D numerical analysis, several modifications were carried out to overcome these limitations: the (±) ion collector, differential pumping, different RF excitation methods, an additional magnet for uniform magnetic field, etc. Experimental results indicated the presence of H − and H − 2 in H 2 plasmas, and F − and CF − in CF 4 plasmas.
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