Background
The intentional and accidental poisoning by various modes are common in India. Nearly 1 million people die each year globally due to poisoning. Vasmol is an external preparation that contains para-phenylenediamine as major ingredient, used as hair dye. There were no much studies on Vasmol(PPD) poisoning. Our study mainly focused on Vasmol(PPD) poisoning, as its incidence is more in our region.
Purpose
To detect and evaluate the prevalence of different poisoning cases and to analyse the clinical symptoms, causes, their outcome and finally to assess the effectiveness of supportive therapy for Vasmol(PPD) poisoning.
Materials and methods
A prospective observational study was conducted on different poisoning cases over 5-months period(March-2011 to July-2011) in general medicine and ICU departments of a tertiary care teaching hospital. A specially designed patient data collection proforma was used to collect the information and various parameters were analysed.
Results
Out of 680 poisoning cases, Vasmol(PPD)-419, Organophosphorous-90, Tablets-62, Others-109 were observed. In Vasmol(PPD) poisoning 126(30%)-male and 293(69%)-female with most cases between the age-group of 12-25. The clinical features were Cervicofacial oedema-163(40%), Stridor-102(24%), Myalgia-79(19%), Gastrointestinal disturbances-37(9%), Seizures-5(1%), Vertigo-56(13%) and Rhabdomyolysis-135(32%). Tracheostomy is the most commonly used supportive therapy which was done for 71(17%) cases where 52 recovered and 19 died. Deaths were mainly due to Cardiorespiratory failure-11(58%), Myocarditis-5(26%), Cardiac-arrest-2(11%) and Acute renal failure-1(5%). Rest of the results were categorised based on socio-demographic status, volume consumed, reasons for poisoning and laboratory findings.
Conclusions
Vasmol(PPD) hair dye intoxication is a life threatening condition. Clinical outcomes rely on early recognition, prompt referral and supportive therapy. This study has shown that Vasmol(PPD) poisoning mortality was 5%, due to Cardiorespiratory failure, Cardiac-arrest, Myocarditis and Acute renal failure. Tracheostomy is the life-saving measure in reducing mortality. Community should be educated about handling of poisonous substances which endanger their life and there should also be a proper control over sale of Vasmol.
Radio frequency identification (RFID) based electronic voting machine (EVM) with fingerprint module overcomes the challenges of wired electronic voting. Finger print module is to authenticate the voters. In this paper the system is constructed with microcontroller, Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), RS232 cable, RFID reader, RFID tag, fingerprint module and buzzer alarm. Dishonest voting will be avoided if the government uses the biometric based system. The details of all voters with their fingerprint will be stored in the database. Database is kept in microcontroller. Microcontroller verifies the voter by comparing the database during polling. If a person with RFID comes for second time voting, immediately the buzzer gives sound. The RFID base EVM will reduce time consumption. When compared to the existing voting system, the system in this paper is expected to be fast and reliable. The voters’ details will not be revealed out. For every polling end, the button should be pressed for getting the number of votes polled.
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