Effects of glyphosate on survival, developmental rate, larval weight, and midgut bacterial diversity of Apis mellifera were tested in the laboratory. Larvae were reared in vitro and fed diet containing glyphosate 0.8, 4, and 20 mg/L. The dependent variables were compared with negative control and positive control (dimethoate 45 mg/L). Brood survival decreased in 4 or 20 mg/L glyphosate treatments but not in 0.8 mg/L, and larval weight decreased in 0.8 or 4 mg/L glyphosate treatments. Exposure to three concentrations did not affect the developmental rate. Furthermore, the intestinal bacterial communities were determined using high-throughput sequencing targeting the V3-V4 regions of the 16S rDNA. All core honey bee intestinal bacterial phyla such as Proteobacteria (30.86%), Firmicutes (13.82%), and Actinobacteria (11.88%) were detected, and significant changes were found in the species diversity and richness in 20 mg/L glyphosate group. Our results suggest that high concentrations of glyphosate are deleterious to immature bees.

Background The effects of exposing Apis mellifera larvae to common insecticides were tested in the laboratory. Results The acute toxicity values of the four insecticides that we tested ranged from high toxicity to low toxicity: deltamethrin > cypermethrin > carbaryl > acetamiprid. The NOAEC (no observed adverse effect concentration) values of the chronic toxicity tests for each compound are 5 mg L−1 for acetamiprid, 2 mg L−1 for carbaryl, 1 mg L−1 for cypermethrin, and 0.2 mg L−1 for deltamethrin. Conclusion According to the risk quotient (RQ) values of acute and chronic toxicity that we obtained, the risk is acceptable at exposure rates that have been identified in the field. Overall, our results are valuable for evaluating the acute and chronic toxicities of these insecticides to developing honey bees. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry

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Developing trusted softwares has become an important trend and a natural choice in the development of software technology and applications, and software trustworthiness modeling has become a prerequisite and necessary means. To discuss and explain the basic scientific problems in software trustworthiness and to establish theoretical foundations for software trustworthiness measurement, combining the ideas of dynamical system study, this paper studies evolutionary laws of software trustworthiness and the dynamical mechanism under the effect of various internal and external factors, and proposes dynamical models for software trustworthiness, thus, software trustworthiness can be considered as the statistical characteristics of behaviors of software systems in the dynamical and open environment. By analyzing two simple examples, the paper explains the relationship between the limit evolutionary behaviors of software trustworthiness attributes and dynamical system characteristics, and interprets the dynamical characteristics of software trustworthiness and their evolutionary complexity.software trustworthiness, trustworthiness attributes, evolutionary complexity, dynamical system In the last more than ten years, environments for software running and development have transited from static closeness to dynamical openness. The open changing running environments lead to a variety of uncertainty factors, making it hard to guarantee the correctness, safety and security, reliability, availability and effectiveness of software systems, even their own survivability. In the open changing environments, software systems have become more and more fragile and very hard to trust, and very often not working in the expected way, faults and failures arising, causing incidents even disasters directly or indirectly. Thus, both academic and industry in IT show highly concerns for software trustworthiness and invest into its research issues.Whether or not the services provided by software systems are trustable, particularly in dynamical, open and distributed environments, is a critical problem in safety-crucial applications, for example financial applications, space technology applications. How to guarantee the trustworthiness of

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Developing trusted softwares has become an important trend and a natural choice in the development of software technology and applications. At present, the method of measurement and assessment of software trustworthiness cannot guarantee safe and reliable operations of software systems completely and effectively. Based on the dynamical system study, this paper interprets the characteristics of behaviors of software systems and the basic scientific problems of software trustworthiness complexity, analyzes the characteristics of complexity of software trustworthiness, and proposes to study the software trustworthiness measurement in terms of the complexity of software trustworthiness. Using the dynamical statistical analysis methods, the paper advances an invariant-measure based assessment method of software trustworthiness by statistical indices, and hereby provides a dynamical criterion for the untrustworthiness of software systems. By an example, the feasibility of the proposed dynamical statistical analysis method in software trustworthiness measurement is demonstrated using numerical simulations and theoretical analysis.software trustworthiness, trustworthiness attributes, dynamical system, invariant-measure