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This study determined the metabolic and rately. Therefore, hybrid exercise may provide more hemodynamic responses in eight spinal cord injured (SCI) advantageous central cardiovascular training effects in quadriplegics (C5-C8/T1) performing subpeak arm crank quadriplegics than either ACE or FES-LCE alone. exercise (ACE) alone, subpeak functional electrical stimulation 1% cycle c~ercise (FES-LCE) alone, and subpeak

Twelve spinal cord-injured males performed arm-crank exercise (ACE) with and without concurrent functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) of paralyzed leg muscles to investigate the hypothesis that FNS would augment cardiovascular performance during submaximal ACE. Six men who exhibited vigorous isometric contractions of thigh and calf muscles were classed as "responders" to FNS (R), and the remaining subjects with poor or nonexistent contractions served as "nonresponder controls" (C). Steady-state heart rate and oxygen uptake during ACE at 30, 60, and 90 W were not appreciably different from the ACE + FNS condition. However, cardiac outputs in R were augmented by 30% during FNS at rest (from 4.9 to 6.4 l/min), by 18% during 30-W ACE + FNS (from 8.6 to 10.1 l/min), and by 28% during 90-W ACE + FNS (from 12.1 to 15.6 l/min). Similarly, resting stroke volumes were increased by 18% (9 ml) and by 23% (19 ml) at 60 W during FNS in the R group. Calculated total peripheral resistance was reduced at rest and during 90-W ACE + FNS by approximately 24%. In contrast, no alterations of circulatory hemodynamics were observed for C subjects. These data indicate that FNS-induced contractions of paralyzed leg muscles augment venous return to aid central cardiovascular control during upper-body submaximal exercise in paraplegics.

Shine a light: A fluorescent light‐induced synthetic method for the title compounds has been developed and the chemoselective nature of the reaction is highlighted by the observation of the cis/trans isomers of various N‐unsubstituted imines. The synthetic utility of this method is demonstrated by the one‐pot imine formation/asymmetric allylation sequence of benzyl azide catalyzed by 1. (Ipc=isopinocampheyl).

The purposes of this study were three-fold: (a) to determine acute physiologic responses of spinal cord injured (SCI) subjects to peak levels of leg cycle ergometry utilizing functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) of paralyzed leg muscles, (b) to determine the relative contributions of passive and active components of FNS cycling to the peak physiologic responses, and (c) to compare these physiologic responses between persons who have quadriplegia and those who have paraplegia. Thirty SCI subjects (17 quadriplegics and 13 paraplegics) performed a discontinuous graded FNS exercise test from rest to fatigue on an ERGYS 1 ergometer. Steady-state physiologic responses were determined by open-circuit spirometry, impedance cardiography with ECG, and auscultation. In the combined statistics of both groups, it was noted that peak FNS cycling significantly increased (from rest levels) mean oxygen uptake by 255%, arteriovenous O2 difference VO2 and VE, Q and a-vO2 and VCO by 69%, and stroke volume by 45%, while total peripheral vascular resistance decreased by 43%. Mean peak power output for paraplegics (15 W) was significantly higher than for quadriplegics (9 W), eliciting higher peak levels of pulmonary ventilation and sympathetically mediated hemodynamic responses such as cardiac output, heart rate, and systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure. Passive cycling without FNS produced no statistically significant increases in physiologic responses above the resting level in either group.

Abstract-This study was conducted to evaluate a newly designed functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS)-induced knee extension (KE) exercise system that incorporates the most desired features of previously described systems by determining the musculoskeletal responses of spinal cord injured (SCI) individ~tals to training. A specially designed chair and electrical stimulator were fabricated for FNS-induced KE resistance exercise. Surface electrodes were placed over motor points of the quadriceps muscles, and KE was alternated between legs at an average rate of 6 KEJminIleg. KE testing protocols were developed for pre-and post-training evaluations of performance, and 12 SCI subjects exercise-trained up to three times per week for 36 sessions using a progressive resistance load at ankle level. Pre-and post-training evaluation data were statistically compared using a 0.05 level for significance. Quadriceps muscle pellformance (strength X repetitions) improved for both legs in all subjects as indicated by significant increases in load resistance and repetitions over the 36-session training period (right leg %= 1156.0 versus 1624.8 kg.reps, left leg %= 1127.3 versus 1721.1 kgereps). In addition, knee range of motion significantly increased (right leg %= 134 versus 146 degrees, left leg ?= 133 versus 144 degrees). Thigh skinfold, thigh girth, body weight and bone density were not significantly changed. The lack of decrease in bone density in some subjects suggests that the training may retard the rate of bone loss which typically occurs with SCI. No injuries or problems were encountered during testing and training. Therefore, this newly-designed FNS-KE exercise appears to be safe, easy to use, and effective for all subjects who participated in the study. The protocol developed for this form of FNS training of the quadriceps may be used to increase the integrity of muscles paralyzed due to SCI. In addition, the enhanced muscle petfomnce reserve may better enable the SCI individual to accomplish more complex FNS tasks with less fatigue.

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