A modified PtRu/ZrO 2 catalyst with Mg is evaluated for the oxidative steam reforming of ethanol (OSRE) and the steam reforming of ethanol (SRE). In order to understand the variation in the reaction mechanism on OSRE and SRE, further analysis of both fresh and used catalyst is concentrated on for TEM, TG, Raman, and TPR characterization. The results show that the OSRE reaction requires a higher temperature (T R ∼ 390 • C) to achieve 100% ethanol conversion than the SRE reaction (T R ∼ 2500 • C). The distribution of CO is minor for both reactions (< 5% for OSRE, < 1% for SRE). This demonstrates that the water gas shift (WGS) reaction is an important side-reaction in the reforming of ethanol to produce H 2 and CO 2. A comparison of the temperature of WGS (T WGS) shows it is lower for the SRE reaction (T WGS ∼ 250 • C for SRE, ∼340 • C for OSRE).
The thiodiphenyl epoxy (THEP) was prepared by the 4,4 0 -thiodiphenol (THDOL) and the epichlorohydrin (ECH) without using any NaOH or KOH catalysts. The THEP possessed weak hydrogen bonding in the cured THEP/DGEBA system. The intermolecular motion parameters k and q were 0.26 and À168.5, respectively, which determined by the Gordon-Taylor and Kwei equations. The soft sulfide linkage (ASA) of the THEP degraded at lower temperature than cured DGEBA material, and further to form various thermal stable sulfate derivative chars. The char yields increased from 11.43 to 25.94 wt % and from 0.65 to 1.04 wt % in the nitrogen and air, respectively. Introduction of the THEP into the DGEBA could provide the antioxidation thermal property and improve the thermal stability of the DGEBA epoxy in the air. In the air atmosphere, the activation energies of the second thermal degradation were increased from 66.67 to 103.42 kJ/mol. V C 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym
Hydrogen production through steam reforming of ethanol (SRE) over Mg modified Co-based catalysts supported on mesoporous SBA-15 was studied herein to evaluate the catalytic activity and the behavior of coke deposition. The Co y Mg x /SBA-15 catalysts are obtained according to the steps of consecutive impregnation of Mg (x = 5 and 10 wt%) to be incorporated on SBA-15 and then follow the loading of Co (y = 10 and 20 wt%) using the incipient wetness impregnation method. The catalysts are characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature programmed reduction (TPR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and BET techniques. Also, the spent catalysts are further characterized by using XRD and TEM. The catalytic activity of the SRE is evaluated in a fixed-bed reactor under 22,000 h −1 GHSV and with an H 2 O/EtOH molar ratio of 13. All the Co y Mg x /SBA-15 catalysts present a mesoporous structure, even after the SRE reaction. The optimum catalyst of Co 20 Mg 5 /SBA-15-H650 comes from the high loading of Co and high reduction temperature pretreatment, which show a high catalytic activity and stability at 550˚C with a hydrogen yield (Y H2 ) up to 5.78 and CO selectivity around 3.10%.
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