A modified PtRu/ZrO 2 catalyst with Mg is evaluated for the oxidative steam reforming of ethanol (OSRE) and the steam reforming of ethanol (SRE). In order to understand the variation in the reaction mechanism on OSRE and SRE, further analysis of both fresh and used catalyst is concentrated on for TEM, TG, Raman, and TPR characterization. The results show that the OSRE reaction requires a higher temperature (T R ∼ 390 • C) to achieve 100% ethanol conversion than the SRE reaction (T R ∼ 2500 • C). The distribution of CO is minor for both reactions (< 5% for OSRE, < 1% for SRE). This demonstrates that the water gas shift (WGS) reaction is an important side-reaction in the reforming of ethanol to produce H 2 and CO 2. A comparison of the temperature of WGS (T WGS) shows it is lower for the SRE reaction (T WGS ∼ 250 • C for SRE, ∼340 • C for OSRE).
The thiodiphenyl epoxy (THEP) was prepared by the 4,4 0 -thiodiphenol (THDOL) and the epichlorohydrin (ECH) without using any NaOH or KOH catalysts. The THEP possessed weak hydrogen bonding in the cured THEP/DGEBA system. The intermolecular motion parameters k and q were 0.26 and À168.5, respectively, which determined by the Gordon-Taylor and Kwei equations. The soft sulfide linkage (ASA) of the THEP degraded at lower temperature than cured DGEBA material, and further to form various thermal stable sulfate derivative chars. The char yields increased from 11.43 to 25.94 wt % and from 0.65 to 1.04 wt % in the nitrogen and air, respectively. Introduction of the THEP into the DGEBA could provide the antioxidation thermal property and improve the thermal stability of the DGEBA epoxy in the air. In the air atmosphere, the activation energies of the second thermal degradation were increased from 66.67 to 103.42 kJ/mol. V C 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym
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