Herein, we developed a nondestructive detection system with low prediction errors for determining the vitamin C content in Indian jujube. This system comprises a Ge photodetector, a halogen lamp and five near-infrared (NIR) bandpass filters. The detection of vitamin C is enabled by the absorption of its OH and CH2 bonds in the NIR region. The light beams of our system were parallel-polarized and designed to be incident on the fruit at the Brewster angle (θB), which reduces reflectance noise from the fruit’s skin and enhances the OH and CH2 absorption signals of the fruit’s flesh. After the reflectance signal was analyzed by the partial least squares (PLS) algorithm to obtain the predicted vitamin C content of each fruit, the coefficient of prediction ( r p 2 ) and root-mean-square error of prediction (RMSEP) were calculated. When wavelengths of 1200, 1400, 1450, 1500 and 1550 nm were used for probing, r p 2 and RMSEP of the system detecting vitamin C were 0.84 and 1.65 mg/100 g, respectively. In summary, the vitamin C content of Indian jujube was predicted using a low-cost NIR detection system having a high r p 2 and low RMSEP; further, it comprises five parallel-polarized NIR beams and the PLS algorithm.
The simple and nondestructive detection system studied in this work uses a near-infrared (NIR) detector and parallel-polarized (P-wave) NIR lasers to determine the soluble solids content (SSC) of apples. The P-wave NIR laser in this system is incident into the apple's pulp at the Brewster angle to minimize the interference caused by interfacial reflections. After the apple has been illuminated by four P-wave NIR lasers that correspond to the specified wavelengths of the SSC chemical bonds (880, 940, 980, and 1064 nm), the prediction of correlation (rp2) and the root-mean-square error for prediction (RMSEP) of the SSC are determined via partial least square regression analysis of the reflectance. Our results indicate that the use of P-wave lasers at the Brewster angle (as the angle of incidence) and the above specified wavelengths for the prediction set measurement of the SSC of apples obtained an rp2 of 0.88 and an RMSEP of 0.47°Brix. These rp2 are 6% higher, and the RMSEPs are 9% lower, than those obtained using non-polarized lasers.
A nondestructive system for measuring the soluble solids content (SSC) and firmness of wax apples was developed using 670, 850, 880, 940, and 980 nm visible–shortwave–near-infrared (Vis-SW-NIR) light-emitting diode (LED) light sources and a silicon (Si) photodetector. These specified wavelengths are highly correlated with the SSC and the firmness of fruit. An LED light source was incident onto the fruit as parallel-polarized waves (P-wave) at the Brewster angle (θB) to minimize the interfacial reflection and maximize the C–H and O–H bonds absorption signals from the fruit. Partial least squares (PLS) regression is used to build calibration modes and analyze the prediction of the correlation ([Formula: see text]) and the root mean square error for prediction (RMSEP) of the reflected optical signals with SSC and firmness. This resulted in [Formula: see text] and RMSEP values of 0.87 and 0.66 °Bx, respectively, in SSC measurements and 0.80 and 1.16 N/cm2, respectively, in firmness measurements. Therefore, the result shows [Formula: see text] of SSC and firmness are 6.4% and 9% higher and the RMSEP are 14% and 20% lower, respectively, than those obtained using non-polarized LED light sources.
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