ABSTRAC~Histopathological, histochemical, and electron microscopic examinations were performed on beagles after a long-term oral cadmium (Cd) administration of >8 years. Although renal atrophy was remarkable in groups receiving doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg body weighvday, bone lesions could not be demonstrated by roentgenological and histopathologic examination. It was noticed that concomitant regeneration or recovery and cell death of the epithelium occurred in the proximal convoluted tubules. The cell death was consistent with apoptosis, a special feature of cell death, which was shown to play a major part in the tubular damage of cadmium by electron microscopic examination. Fatty degeneration of the pars recta tubules was seen io show dose-dependence. The intrarenal cadmium was localized predominantly in the cytoplasm of the proximal tubular epithelium by histochemical and ultracentrifugal cell fractionation examinations. Although no remarkable changes were found in the other organs, aggregates of siderophages in the liver and focal hemorrhage in the spleen, known as spontaneous lesions, might be related to Cd intoxication. In conclusion, the present study revealed that no bone lesions occur with Cd administration in adult beagles in spite of longterm administration. An excessive cell death to regeneration or recovery in the proximal tubules might result in the renal cortical atrophy. No remarkable changes were seen in the glomemli and distal nephrons, which were in good agreement with Cd distribution. eration
A highly sensitive cytochemical method for demonstrating intracellular Cd using 8-hydroxyquinoline was developed and applied in the cytopathoiogicai study of primary-cultured renal tubular cells from beagle kidneys. The Cd-8-hydroxyquinoline emitted a yellowish-green fluorescence which first appeared in the cytoplasm within 30 min and in the nucleus about 60-90 min after exposure to 100 mM CdCl2. It was noteworthy that intranuclear Cd was stained in the nucleolar regions. The sensitivity of the cytochemical method for Cd was estimated to be about 1.0 pg Cd/cell. Ultrastructural features of the dead cells were consistent with those of apoptosis. We conclude that Cd absorbed by proximal tubular cells rapidly reaches to the nuclei and affects nuclear as well as cytoplasmic metabolism.
The identification of atypical testicular germ cells is often difficult by by routine histologic examination. By immunohistochemical detection of placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) and by periodic acid Schiff staining of glycogen, atypical germ cells were easily identified in testicular samples. Forty-one fetal and adult testes were used for a preliminary study, and 121 testes from infants and adults with either cryptorchidism or germ cell tumors were studied for the presence of atypical germ cells. Two types of clear germ cells were differentiated histochemically, and one with PLAP-positive cell surfaces and glycogen-rich cytoplasm was considered to be atypical. The alkaline phosphatase of atypical germ cells appeared to be similar to that found in a few germ cells of early fetal testes. The atypical germ cells seemed to be multi-potential malignant cells capable of developing not only into seminoma but also into other germ cell tumors. Only in yolk sac tumor of infants were the atypical germ cells absent from tumor-adjacent seminiferous tubules.
Utilizing 18 germinomas, the characteristics of isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in germinoma cells were examined by light and electron microscopic enzymohistochemical and immunohistochemical techniques and biochemical methods including inhibition tests, electrophoresis and electrosyneresis. ALP in germinoma cells was generally located on the cell surface. In a few germinoma cells, however, ALP was seen not only on the cell membrane but also in the endoplasmic reticulum. Enzymohistochemically as well as biochemically, ALP in germinoma cells was little sensitive to L-phenylalanine, moderately sensitive to L-homoarginine and somewhat resistant to heat in its inhibition tests. Immunohistochemical examinations and electrosyneresis showed the presence of the placental type of ALP in germinoma cells and biochemical analyses revealed that the heat-stable component of ALP in germinoma cells was consistent with the D-variant of the placental type of ALP. Therefore, germinoma cells possessed mixed isoenzymes of ALP, consisting mainly of the liver/bone type and a small amount of D-variant of the placental type on the cell surface. The prominent expression of ALP in germinoma cells may be due to the enhanced expression of gonadal genes active in the germinoma genome.
We report on a 59-year-old man with epididymal lymphangiectasis. The patient had noticed somewhat intermittent intrascrotal painless swelling. The interstitium of the right caput epididymis exhibited a number of large, dilated lymphatic vessels forming irregular channels among and around the epididymal ducts. The afferent epididymal ducts showed dilatation similar to that of the lymphatic vessels except for focal cuboid epithelial linings. Spermatogenesis in the right testis was preserved. Lymphangiectasis in the epididymis is infrequent and needs to be differentiated from other intrascrotal lesions.
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