Plant traits-the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants-determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait-based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits-almost complete coverage for 'plant growth form'. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait-environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects.We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives. Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP) and DIVERSITAS, the TRY database (TRY-not an acronym, rather a statement of sentiment; https ://www.try-db.org; Kattge et al., 2011) was proposed with the explicit assignment to improve the availability and accessibility of plant trait data for ecology and earth system sciences. The Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC) offered to host the database and the different groups joined forces for this community-driven program. Two factors were key to the success of TRY: the support and trust of leaders in the field of functional plant ecology submitting large databases and the long-term funding by the Max Planck Society, the MPI-BGC and the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, which has enabled the continuous development of the TRY database.

The scaling of respiratory metabolism with body mass is one of the most pervasive phenomena in biology. Using a single allometric equation to characterize empirical scaling relationships and to evaluate alternative hypotheses about mechanisms has been controversial. We developed a method to directly measure respiration of 271 whole plants, spanning nine orders of magnitude in body mass, from small seedlings to large trees, and from tropical to boreal ecosystems. Our measurements include the roots, which have often been ignored. Rather than a single power-law relationship, our data are fit by a biphasic, mixed-power function. The allometric exponent varies continuously from 1 in the smallest plants to 3/4 in larger saplings and trees. The transition from linear to 3/4-power scaling may indicate fundamental physical and physiological constraints on the allocation of plant biomass between photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic organs over the course of ontogenetic plant growth.allometry | metabolic scaling | mixed-power function | whole-plant respiration | simple-power function F rom the smallest seedlings to giant trees, the masses of vascular plants span 12 orders of magnitude in mass (1). The growth rates of most plants, which are generally presented in terms of net assimilation rates of CO 2 , are believed to be controlled by respiration (2, 3). Furthermore, many of the CO 2 -budget models of plant growth and carbon dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems are based on whole-plant respiration rates in relation to plant size (2, 4-7). Thus far, however, there have been few studies of wholeplant respiration over the entire range of plant size from tiny seedlings to large trees. The purpose of the present study was to quantify the allometric scaling of metabolism by directly measuring whole-plant respiration over a representative range of sizes.For the past century, the scaling of metabolic rate with body size has usually been described using an allometric equation, or simple power function, for the form (8-17)where Y is the respiratory metabolic rate (μmol s −1 ), F is a constant (μmol s −1 kg -f ), M is the body mass (kg), and f is the scaling exponent. The exponent f has been controversial, and various values have been reported based on studies of both animals and plants (15). Recently, it was suggested that f = 1 for relatively small plants, based on data for a 10 6 -fold range of body mass (16), including measurements using a whole-plant chamber (18,19). If f = 1, this means that whole-plant respiration scales isometrically with body mass, which may be reasonable in the case of herbaceous plants and small trees because nearly all of their cells, even those in the stems, should be active in respiration. However, it was suggested that f = 3/4 based originally on empirical studies of animal metabolism (8). This idea is consistent with the mechanistic models of resource distribution in vascular systems (10, 11), including the pipe model (20, 21) and models based on space-filling, hierarchical, fractal-like networks of br...

CABI:20153174020Understanding how plants are constructed - i.e., how key size dimensions and the amount of mass invested in different tissues varies among individuals - is essential for modeling plant growth, carbon stocks, and energy fluxes in the terrestrial biosphere. Allocation patterns can differ through ontogeny, but also among coexisting species and among species adapted to different environments. While a variety of models dealing with biomass allocation exist, we lack a synthetic understanding of the underlying processes. This is partly due to the lack of suitable data sets for validating and parameterizing models. To that end, we present the Biomass And Allometry Database (BAAD) for woody plants. The BAAD contains 259634 measurements collected in 176 different studies, from 21084 individuals across 678 species. Most of these data come from existing publications. However, raw data were rarely made public at the time of publication. Thus, the BAAD contains data from different studies, transformed into standard units and variable names. The transformations were achieved using a common workflow for all raw data files. Other features that distinguish the BAAD are: (i) measurements were for individual plants rather than stand averages; (ii) individuals spanning a range of sizes were measured; (iii) plants from 0.01-100 m in height were included; and (iv) biomass was estimated directly, i.e., not indirectly via allometric equations (except in very large trees where biomass was estimated from detailed sub-sampling). We included both wild and artificially grown plants. The data set contains the following size metrics: total leaf area; area of stem cross-section including sapwood, heartwood, and bark; height of plant and crown base, crown area, and surface area; and the dry mass of leaf, stem, branches, sapwood, heartwood, bark, coarse roots, and fine root tissues. We also report other properties of individuals (age, leaf size, leaf mass per area, wood density, nitrogen content of leaves and wood), as well as information about the growing environment (location, light, experimental treatment, vegetation type) where available. It is our hope that making these data available will improve our ability to understand plant growth, ecosystem dynamics, and carbon cycling in the world's vegetation

Photosynthetic acclimation of deciduous broad-leaved tree species was studied along a vertical gradient within the canopy of a multi-species deciduous forest in northern Japan. We investigated variations in (1) local light regime and CO2 concentration ([CO2]), and (2) morphological (area, thickness and area per mass), biochemical (nitrogen and chlorophyll concentrations) and physiological (light-saturated photosynthetic rate) attributes of leaves of seven major species on three occasions (June, August and October). We studied early successional species, alder (Alnus hirsuta (Spach) Rupr.) and birch (Betula platyphylla var. japonica (Miq.) Hara); gap phase species, walnut (Juglans ailanthifolia Carrière) and ash (Fraxinus mandshurica var. japonica Rupr.); mid-successional species, basswood (Tilia japonica (Miq.) Simonk.) and elm (Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (Rehd.) Nakai); and the late-successional species, maple (Acer mono Bunge). All but maple initiated leaf unfolding from the lower part of the crown. The [CO2] within the vertical profile ranged from 320-350 ppm in the upper canopy to 405-560 ppm near the ground. The lowest and highest ambient [CO2] occurred during the day and during the night, respectively. This trend was observed consistently during the summer, but not when trees were leafless. Chlorophyll concentration was positively related to maximum photosynthetic rate within, but not among, species. Leaf senescence started from the inner part of the crown in alder and birch, but started either in the outer or top portion of the canopy of ash, basswood and maple. Chlorophyll (Chl) to nitrogen ratio in leaves increased with decreasing photon flux density. However, Chl b concentration in all species remained stable until the beginning of leaf senescence. Maximum photosynthetic rates observed in sun leaves of early successional species, gap phase or mid-successional species, and late successional species were 12.5-14.8 micromol m(-2) s(-1), 4.1-7.8 micromol m(-2) s(-1) and 3.1 micromol m(-2) s(-1), respectively.

The vertical profile of stable carbon isotope ratios (δC) of leaves was analyzed for 13 tree species in a cool-temperate deciduous forest in Japan. The vertical distribution of long-term averaged δC in atmospheric CO (δ) was estimated from δC of dry matter from NADP-malic enzyme type C plant (Zea mays L. var. saccharata Sturt.) grown at a tower in the forest for 32␣days, assuming constant Δ value (3.3‰) in Z. mays against height. The δ value obtained from δC in Z.␣mays was lowest at the forest floor (-9.30 ± 0.03‰), increased with height, and was almost constant above 10␣m (-7.14 ± 0.14‰). Then leaf Δ values for the tree species were calculated from tree leaf δ C andδ. Mean leaf Δ values for the three tall deciduous species (Fraxinus mandshurica, Ulmus davidiana, and Alnus hirsuta) were significantly different among three height levels in the forest: 23.1 ± 0.7‰ at the forest floor (understory), 21.4 ± 0.5‰ in lower canopy, and 20.5 ± 0.3‰ in upper canopy. The true difference in tree leaf Δ among the forest height levels might be even greater, because Δ in Z. mays probably increased with shading by up to ∼‰. The difference in tree leaf Δ among the forest height levels would be mainly due to decreasing intercellular CO (C ) with the increase in irradiance. Potential assimilation rate for the three tree species probably increased with height, since leaf nitrogen content on an area basis for these species also increased with height. However, the increase in stomatal conductance for these tree species would fail to meet the increase in potential assimilation rate, which might lead to increasing the degree of stomatal limitation in photosynthesis with height.

We assessed above- and belowground biomass and net primary production (NPP) of a mature Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr. forest (240-280 years old) established on permafrost soils in central Siberia. Specifically, we investigated annual carbon budgets in roots in relation to root system development and availability of soil resources. Total stand biomass estimated by allometry was about 39 Mg per ha. Root biomass (17 Mg per ha) comprised about 43% of total biomass. Coarse root (>/= 5 mm in diameter) biomass was about twice that of fine roots (< 5 mm). The aboveground biomass/root biomass ratio (T/R) of the larch stand was about unity, which is much less than that of other boreal and subalpine conifer forests. The proportion of fine roots in total root biomass (35%) was relatively high compared with other cold-climate evergreen conifer forests. Total NPP, defined as the sum of annual biomass increment of woody parts and needle biomass, was estimated to be 1.8 Mg per ha per year. Allocation of total NPP to needle production was 56%. The proportion of total NPP in belowground production (27%) was less than for evergreen taiga forests. However, belowground NPP was probably under-estimated because root mortality was excluded. We conclude that L. gmelinii trees invested annual carbon gains largely into needle production or roots, or both, at the expense of growth of aboveground woody parts. This carbon allocation pattern, which resulted in the construction of exploitative root networks, appeared to be a positive growth response to the nutrient-poor permafrost soil of central Siberia.

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We compared effects of ambient (360 vpm) and elevated (720 vpm) carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) and high and low nutrient supply rates on stem growth, annual ring structure and tracheid anatomy of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) seedlings over two growing seasons. Elevated [CO2] had no significant effect on either stem height or diameter growth; however, both stem height and diameter growth were enhanced by the high nutrient supply rate, and these increases were stimulated by elevated [CO2]. Elevated [CO2] tended to increase the width of the annual xylem ring, the number of cells in a radial file spanning the ring, and tracheid lumen diameter, whereas it tended to reduce cell wall thickness, although there were no statistically significant CO2 effects on tracheid anatomy. Changes in tracheid cell morphology seemed to be dependent on changes in shoot elongation rates.