Background Skin being the largest organ of the human body plays a very important role in the permeation and penetration of the drug. In addition, the transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) plays a major role in managing dermal infections and attaining sustained plasma drug concentration. Thus, evaluation of percutaneous penetration of the drug through the skin is important in developing TDDS for human use. Material and methods Various techniques are used for getting the desired drug penetration, permeation, and absorption through the skin in managing these dermal disorders. The development of novel pharmaceutical dosage forms for dermal use is much explored in the current era. However, it is very important to evaluate these methods to determine the bioequivalence and risk of these topically applied drugs, which ultimately penetrate and are absorbed through the skin. Results Currently, numerous skin permeation models are being developed and persuasively used in studying dermatopharmacokinetic (DPK) profile and various models have been developed, to evaluate the TDD which include ex vivo human skin, ex vivo animal skin, and artificial or reconstructed skin models. Conclusion This review discusses the general physiology of the skin, the physiochemical characteristics affecting particle penetration, understand the models used for human skin permeation studies and understanding their advantages, and disadvantages.
Soft contact lenses have been demonstrated as a promising tool for ocular drug delivery. In the present investigation ganciclovir (GAN) loaded microparticles dispersed in hydrogel-based contact lenses were fabricated to achieve prolonged release and improved permeation of GAN across corneal epithelium. MethodsGAN-Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) microparticles were prepared by solvent evaporation method and evaluated for entrapment e ciency, drug content and drug release. The Polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate (pHEMA) contact lenses were synthesized by free radical polymerization reaction using crosslinkers like ethylene glycoldimethacrylate and photoinitiator such as IRGACURE 1173®, in UVB light, λ 365 nm. The GAN-HPMC microparticles when incorporated into the premonomer mixture and polymerized together give rise to a particle dispersion system in the hydrogel contact lenses.The contact lenses were studied for surface morphology, transmittance, swelling, drug release, Na + ion permeability and hens egg test chorioallantoic membrane assay (HETCAM). ResultsHydrogel contact lens exhibited satisfactory surface morphology, transmittance, swelling, Na + ion permeability (3.72x106 mm 2 /min) and a release of 48 hours suggesting a potential for prolonged ocular drug delivery. Furthermore, HETCAM exhibited no signs of ocular irritation. ConclusionThe developed delivery platform is a promising alternative to conventional dosage forms like eye drops, suspensions and ointments due to its increase in the residence time attributed to its prolonged release pro le. Hence, drug delivery by hydrogel-based contact lens decreases the systemic effects of the drugs which are meant for local action, thus, enhances the therapeutic use by improving the patient compliance.
Purpose Soft contact lenses have been demonstrated as a promising tool for ocular drug delivery. In the present investigation ganciclovir (GAN) loaded microparticles dispersed in hydrogel-based contact lenses were fabricated to achieve prolonged release and improved permeation of GAN across corneal epithelium. Methods GAN-Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) microparticles were prepared by solvent evaporation method and evaluated for entrapment efficiency, drug content and drug release. The Polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate (pHEMA) contact lenses were synthesized by free radical polymerization reaction using crosslinkers like ethylene glycoldimethacrylate and photoinitiator such as IRGACURE 1173®, in UVB light, λ 365 nm. The GAN-HPMC microparticles when incorporated into the premonomer mixture and polymerized together give rise to a particle dispersion system in the hydrogel contact lenses. The contact lenses were studied for surface morphology, transmittance, swelling, drug release, Na + ion permeability and hens egg test chorioallantoic membrane assay (HETCAM). Results Hydrogel contact lens exhibited satisfactory surface morphology, transmittance, swelling, Na + ion permeability (3.72x106 mm2/min) and a release of 48 hours suggesting a potential for prolonged ocular drug delivery. Furthermore, HETCAM exhibited no signs of ocular irritation. Conclusion The developed delivery platform is a promising alternative to conventional dosage forms like eye drops, suspensions and ointments due to its increase in the residence time attributed to its prolonged release profile. Hence, drug delivery by hydrogel-based contact lens decreases the systemic effects of the drugs which are meant for local action, thus, enhances the therapeutic use by improving the patient compliance.
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