A total of 141 independent strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with different heterogeneities in the exo gene (exoS, exoT, exoU, and exoY) background were examined for their pathogenic roles. Results indicated that the exoU gene is the major contributor to cytotoxicity in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells but is not related to bacterial colonization in mice.

These results demonstrate that exposure to ZnO-NPs can impair innate immune responses and attenuate macrophage responses to bacterial infection.

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These findings indicate t hat reserpine can increase intracellular concentrations of ciprofloxacin, but is unable to overcome other mechanisms of resistance in clinical isolates.