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Background and Objective Population-level endoscopic screening for esophageal cancer has been conducted in China for years. In this study, we aim to provide an updated and precise cost estimation for esophageal cancer screening based on a randomized controlled trial in a high-risk area in China. Methods We estimated the cost of esophageal cancer screening with chromoendoscopy using a micro-costing approach based on primary data of the ESECC (Endoscopic Screening for Esophageal Cancer in China) randomized controlled trial (NCT01688908) from a health sector perspective. Unit costs and quantities of resources were collected to obtain annual screening costs. The screening project was then theoretically expanded to a 10-year period to explore long-term trends of costs. Costs were adjusted to US dollars for the year 2018. Results In the ESECC trial, screening cost per endoscopy with a valid pathologic diagnosis was $196, accounting for 3.82% of the gross domestic product per capita in Hua County, and the costs for detecting one esophageal cancer and one early-stage

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A novel rotator trap was evaluated to determine the diel activity patterns and physiological state of adult female mosquitoes in St. Augustine, FL, U.S.A. Culex nigripalpus were most active from 19:00‐21:00, followed by 1:00‐3:00, based on collections from the novel rotator trap. Furthermore, analysis of the physiological state of female mosquitoes collected by the novel rotator trap suggested that non‐parous (nulliparous) host‐seeking mosquitoes were more frequently active in the 21:00‐23:00 and 09:00‐19:00 time frames. Parous host‐seeking mosquitoes were more frequently collected from 19:00‐21:00 and 1:00‐3:00. A low abundance of gravid females was collected by the rotator trap, so analysis of their activity periods was inconclusive. These results indicate that the novel rotated trap could be used to detect the diel activity patterns of adult mosquitoes in mosquito control programs and more testing should be conducted in the future.

BACKGROUND Liver cirrhosis is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Little was known about the prevalence and risk factors of Liver cirrhosis in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (NHAR), China. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the changing trends of hospitalization for patients with live cirrhosis between 2015 to 2019 by using hospitalization summary records in NHAR, China. METHODS Hospitalization summary records between the 1st January 2015 and the 31st December 2019 from 28 top-ranking hospitals in NHAR were extracted and rigorously analyzed by data extraction, cleaning, processing, case ascertainment, and privacy protection. RESULTS Between 2015 and 2019, hospitalization rates for liver cirrhosis declined from 8.38‰ to 5.57‰. Chronic viral hepatitis accounted for almost 70% of all live cirrhosis admissions; the remaining 30% of patients were admitted due to non-viral hepatitis cirrhosis (28.06%) and alcoholic cirrhosis (2.05%). The male-to-female hospitalization rate ratio for liver cirrhosis was 2.57. The hospitalization rate for workers with hepatitis cirrhosis was significantly higher than farmers (hospitalization rate ratio (RR)=1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.97-1.15, p<0.001); this was also the case for alcoholic cirrhosis (RR=5.23, 95%CI 3.34-8.20). However, the hospitalization rate for workers with non-viral hepatitis cirrhosis was significantly lower than for farmers (RR=5.23, 95%CI 3.34-8.20, p<0.001). In other occupation groups, the hospitalization rates all decreased except for cases involving alcoholic cirrhosis. The hospitalization rate increased in patients over the age of 30 years and reached a peak at the age of 45- 50 years. CONCLUSIONS The hospitalization rate for liver cirrhosis has declined over recent years and chronic viral hepatitis remains the major cause of liver cirrhosis in NHAR. Hospitalization summary records can efficiently reflect the local changing trends of hospitalization for liver cirrhosis and represent an efficient strategy for the surveillance of chronic disease.